http://www.cwhdallas.com/mica-capacitors/
Mica Capacitors
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240pF 250V Silver-Mica Capacitors. K31-11. 50pcs |  |
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US $5.95 | 33m |
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910pF 500V Silver-Mica Capacitors KCO. 40pcs | |
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US $7.85 | 51m |
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1000pF 500V silver-mica capacitors. K31-11. 40pcs | |
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US $6.16 | 1h 5m |
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8200pF 500V Silver-Mica Capacitors. K31-11. 40pcs | |
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US $8.95 | 2h 1m |
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1800pF 500V silver-mica capacitors. KCO. 40pcs | |
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US $6.95 | 3h 21m |
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4700pF 500V Silver-Mica Capacitors. K31-11. 40pcs | |
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US $6.95 | 3h 28m |
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5100pF 1.6KV Silver-Mica Capacitors. KCO. 4pcs | |
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US $8.88 | 5h 6m |
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1000pF 3KV Silver-Mica Capacitors. KCO. 4pcs | |
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US $12.69 | 5h 51m |
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1000 pF 250 V Silver Mica Capacitors.SGM-2 Box of 70. New | |
0 Bid | US $9.95 | 6h 35m |
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1000pF 250V 5% Silver Mica SGM Capacitors 22 pcs Hi-End | |
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US $8.95 | 29d 15h 29m |
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470pF 250V Silver-Mica Capacitors. K31-11. 100pcs | |
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US $7.95 | 11h 42m |
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0.1uF 500V Silver Mica Capacitors KSG-2 . Lot 24 NEW | |
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US $59.50 | 8d 13h 15m |
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Qty 10 : Silver Mica Military Grade Capacitors, Ten Silvered Mica Caps Various | |
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US $7.76 | 23d 11h 42m |
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Capacitor Silver Mica 1300pF 0.0013uF 500V 2% Cornell Dubilier Qty:2 | |
0 Bid | US $2.50 | 22h 52m |
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Capacitor Silver Mica 2000pF 0.002uF 500V 2% Qty:5 | |
0 Bid | US $4.90 | 22h 58m |
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Dipped Silver Mica Assortment - 100+ Capacitors | |
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US $32.95 | 14d 20h 12m |
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10pcs Silver film MICA Capacitor 5pF 500V for hifi audio amps guitar amp tone | |
0 Bid | US $5.99 | 1d 6h 3m |
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10PC Silver MICA Capacitor 680pF 500V Radial New | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 1d 6h 25m |
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Assorted 100V Radial Silver Dipped Mica Capacitors LOT | |
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US $39.99 | 18d 15h 58m |
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10x Cornell Dubilier MICA Capacitor 51pF +/-1% 500V Axial Lead (NOS) | |
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US $4.29 | 10d 10h 19m |
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NOS Lemco 47pf Silver Mica Capacitor – Marshall Vox Hiwatt | |
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US $4.00 | 3d 20h 2m |
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Silver Mica Capacitor 150pF 500V guitar amp tone 3 / $2 | |
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US $2.00 | 18d 18h 37m |
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Capacitor Silver Mica 1300pF 0.0013uF 500V 2% Cornell Dubilier Qty:5 | |
0 Bid | US $5.20 | 1d 21h 38m |
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10pcs Silver film MICA Capacitor 20pF 500V for hifi audio amps guitar amp tone | |
0 Bid | US $5.99 | 2d 6h 4m |
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30 NOS 470PF 470 PF 5% 500V Silver Mica Cap Capacitor | |
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US $20.00 | 27d 7m |
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0.1uF 500V Silver Mica Capacitors KSG-2 . Lot 4 NEW | |
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US $17.00 | 21d 20h 41m |
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10pcs 300V 560PF Dipped Silver Mica Capacitors NEW | |
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US $16.00 | 24d 13h 50m |
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x20 470pF 350V 1% Silver Mica SGM Capacitors Hi-End | |
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US $8.95 | 26d 19h 1m |
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39pF at 500V Dipped Silver MICA Capacitors : QTY=25 (39mmfd Mica @ 500 Volts) | |
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US $19.43 | 18d 19h 18m |
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25-450pf 350volt Arco Type Mica trim capacitor 4 Pieces | |
0 Bid | US $5.00 | 2d 16h 36m |
![5 Pieces 2.0-60pf Mica Trim Capacitors, [Arco Type] 1/2](http://thumbs.ebaystatic.com/pict/160806563403_0.jpg) |
5 Pieces 2.0-60pf Mica Trim Capacitors, [Arco Type] 1/2" L X 5/16"W 250VDC | |
0 Bid | US $5.00 | 2d 16h 36m |
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Silver Mica Capacitors (Guitar Cap, Amp Cap, Tone Cap) | |
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US $1.80 | 24d 17h 52m |
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Capacitor Metal Clad Mica, Unelco , 20 pF, 350V, Price for 10 | |
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US $4.86 | 25d 20h 36m |
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3 Vintage Sangamo Electric A2 ST Mica Capacitors Test Volt 5000 Working V 2500 | |
0 Bid | US $24.99 | 2d 19h 17m |
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Assorted KSO Silver Mica Capacitors. Lot of 30 | |
1 Bid | US $2.95 | 2d 19h 20m |
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Assorted SGM Silver Mica Capacitors. Lot of 44 | |
1 Bid | US $4.50 | 2d 19h 28m |
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10 X CDE 1000pF 500V +/-5% SILVER MICA CAPACITOR! | |
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US $14.99 | 20d 13h 2m |
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10x 470pf 1000V CDM silver mica capacitors +-5% | |
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US $9.99 | 24d 18h 4m |
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Capacitor Silver Mica 1100pF 0.0011uF 100V 1% Cornell Dubilier Qty:10 | |
0 Bid | US $6.20 | 2d 22h 36m |
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Capacitor Silver Mica 2000pF 0.002uF 500V 2% Qty:2 | |
0 Bid | US $2.60 | 2d 22h 42m |
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10pcs Silver MICA Capacitor 47pF 500V Radial for guitar amps tone tube audio NEW | |
0 Bid | US $6.99 | 2d 22h 42m |
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4pk - 330pf/300V Silver Mica Capacitors | |
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US $1.00 | 28d 19h 49m |
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(2) SANG CMR05E270GODP JAN 27PF 500V 2% MICA CAPACITORS MIL-SPEC NOS/NEW | |
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US $6.95 | 26d 14h 33m |
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499pF 350V 0,5% Silver Mica SGM Capacitors 20pcs Hi-End | |
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US $9.95 | 21d 20h 41m |
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10pcs Silver film MICA Capacitor 270pF 500V for hifi audio amps guitar amp tone | |
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US $7.59 | 28d 12h 51m |
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Solar Mica Transmitting Capacitor 0.0002mfd, 15amps at 300kHz ham Tesla coil | |
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US $28.00 | 3d 2h 2m |
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0.01uF 250V 5% Silver Mica SGM Capacitor 20pcs Hi-End | |
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US $9.95 | 18d 16h 43m |
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CAPACITORS MICA 75PF @ 5% DM15 - 5 PER PACK | |
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US $3.95 | 24d 23h 58m |
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Qty 10 : Silver Mica Military Grade Capacitors, Ten Silvered Mica Caps Various | |
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US $7.76 | 23d 11h 42m |
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Qty 10 : Silver Mica Military Grade Capacitors, Ten Silvered Mica Caps Various | |
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US $7.76 | 23d 11h 42m |
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Miller 215779 Capacitor,Mica .002 Uf 10000 V Panel List Price: $105.44 Sale Price: $121.25  |
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This item may not be in stock. Please call 507-494-5169 for inventory status or email: sales@weldfabulous.com. Normal delivery time is 5-8 business days after purchase date. For expedited delivery please call customer service at 507-494-5169. |
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Miller 204933 Capacitor,Mica .002 Uf 10000 V Panel Mtg List Price: $106.04 Sale Price: $121.95 |
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This item may not be in stock. Please call 507-494-5169 for inventory status or email: sales@weldfabulous.com. Normal delivery time is 5-8 business days after purchase date. For expedited delivery please call customer service at 507-494-5169. |
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Miller 221709 Capacitor,Mica .002 Uf 10000 V Pc Mtg List Price: $108.60 Sale Price: $124.88 |
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This item may not be in stock. Please call 507-494-5169 for inventory status or email: sales@weldfabulous.com. Normal delivery time is 5-8 business days after purchase date. For expedited delivery please call customer service at 507-494-5169. |
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The Capacitor Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide For Correct Component Selection In All Circuit Applications. Know What To Use When And Where. List Price: $19.95 Sale Price: $12.35 |
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This book provides practical guidance and application information when using capacitors in electronics and electrical circuit design. This easy-to-use book covers the following capacitor types: Ceramic, Plastic Film, Aluminum Electrolytic, Tantalum, Glass, Mica, and others. This book also has a very comprehensive Glossary and Index. The Selection Guidelines and the Symbols and Equations sections have the answers to all of your daily application questions. This book is one in a series of component handbooks. |
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Fixed mica dielectric capacitors for use in telecommunication and allied electronic equipment (British standard 2132:Part 1:1963) |
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Mica condensers as standards of capacity, (Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards) |
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This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Mica Condensers As Standards Of Capacity ... reprint Harvey Lincoln Curtis Govt. Print. Off., 1910 Technology; Engineering; Electrical; Capacitors; Technology & Engineering / Electrical; Technology / Engineering / Electrical |
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Chopper Series Slim 12" 1200W High Quality Subwoo List Price: $89.99 |
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Chopper Series Slim 12" 1200W High Quality Subwooferli12" high quality poly mica coneli600W RMS/1200W peak power outputliFrequency response: 28Hz-2.2kHzli75oz. magnet structureliDual 2 1/2" high temperature Kapton voice coilliImpedance 4-ohmliEfficiency: 91dBliButyl foam surround |
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Beyer Dynamic A1 Headphone Amplifier List Price: $939.00 Sale Price: $750.61 |
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With the introduction of the A1, beyerdynamic enters a new area of audio reproduction. After intense fundamental research, beyerdynamic have succeeded in developing a brand new audiophile-quality headphone amplifier, providing precise audio performance even when used with the demanding 600 ohm premium line of beyerdynamic headphones. With its unique intelligent-circuit concept, the A1 is capable of reproducing an amazingly wide frequency range which stretches way above human perception and can take your music to a new level. Technical Details Intelligent circuit design with microcontroller capable of 96 kHz Input impedance 50 k Maximum Amplification 18 dB Two stereo audio inputs for two sound sources (RCA) Audio connections -- Headphone socket, 1 Line output Output power 100 mW / 600, 170 mW / 250 ?. 150 mW / 30 v -- T.H.D. 0.001% at 170 mW / 250 -- Mica capacitors only; no ceramic capacitors due to their generation of voltage under stress Very reliable cooling concept; including permanent short circuit protection on the output |
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4700pf 500v Silver Mica CapACitor 2 for 1.00 |
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CMO6FD 472J03. 4700 pf, 500 Volt dipped mica capacitor. 0.66" x 0.18" x 0.42." |
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Lanzar Car DVD Player, Amplifier, Speaker, Bass Box Package - SDBT73N 7'' Single Din In-Dash Motorized Touch Screen TFT/LCD Monitor With DVD/CD/MP3/MPEG4/USB/SD/AM/FM/RDS Receiver - VCT2110 1000 Watt 2 Channel High Power MOSFET Amplifier - Pair of VCHB110 Vector 1000 Watts Single 10'' Slim Designed Bass Box Enclosure - AMPKIT8 Contaq 1200 Watt 8 Gauge Power Amp Kit - VX620 VX 6.5'' Two-Way Speakers - VX6C VX 6.5'' Two-Way Custom Component System - LQ16CAP Contaq 1.6 Farad 12 Volt Power Capacitor List Price: $499.99 Sale Price: $399.99 |
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The SDBT73N from Lanzar gives you a massive, motorized 7-inch touchscreen to enjoy your video and navigate its features. The package is complete with support for several disc and file formats, SD and USB convenience, and 4 x 80 watts of power. We have also included VCT2110 amplifier. Highest quality amplifier paired with a full deluxe installation kit (AMPKIT8). In addition we have included the following to boost your sound like never before. 2 of the VCHB110 10-inch slim designed bass box. VX620 6.5-Inch Two-Way Speakers. VX6C 6.5-Inch Two-Way Custom Component System. We have also included LQ16CAP 12 Volt Power Capacitor. Product Dimensions: SDBT73N - 7.09'' x 1.97'' x 6.02''; VCT2110 - 10.63''W x1.75''H x 9''L; VCHB110 - 19''W x 13''H x 11.2''D; VX620 - Mounting Depth: 2.36''; LQ16CAP - 3.5" x H. 8.86" |
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Jl Audio C2-650 Component System 6.5" 2-way Sale Price: $131.51 |
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PAIR OF BRAND NEW JL AUDIO C2-650 6 1/2" COMPONENT SPEAKERS WITH ADJUSTABLE CROSSOVERS Features: JL Audio C2-650 6.5" 2-Way Component Speaker System Peak Power: 200 watts per pair / 100 watts each RMS Power: 120 watts per pair / 60 watts each Mica-filled polypropylene cone Butyl rubber surround 3/4" Silk dome tweeter 3-Position adjustable tweeter level Mylar capacitors 4 ohms impedance 1" Voice coil on Kapton former Flat, symmetrical roll spider Ferrite magnet structure Sensitivity: 91 dB Frequency response: 59 HZ - 22 KHZ Top-mount depth: 2-7/16 |
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Lanzar MTP5X7 5-Inch x 7-Inch/6-Inch x 8-Inch Two-Way Plate Speaker System List Price: $95.99 Sale Price: $34.56 |
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Standard 5x 7/6x8 Size Fits OEM Cut-Outs Special Mica-Poly Composite Cone Non-Fatiguing Butyl Rubber Surround High Temperature Voice Coil High Density Barium Ferrite Magnet .5 Mylar Dome Neodymium Tweeter Swivel Tweeter Positioning Built-In Crossover Capacitor Power Handling: 85 Watts RMS/170 Watts Peak (Full-Range), 100 Watts RMS/200 Watts Peak (Crossed-Over Mode) Frequency Response: 55Hz - 23kHz (Full-Range Mode), 200Hz - 23kHz (Crossed-Over Mode) 4 Ohms Impedance Mounting Depth: 1.8 Rubber Boot Magnet Cover |
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Pair of Brand New Jl Audio C2-600 6" Component Speakers with Adjustable Crossovers Sale Price: $124.09 |
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PAIR OF BRAND NEW JL AUDIO C2-600 6" COMPONENT SPEAKERS WITH ADJUSTABLE CROSSOVERS Features: JL Audio C2-600 6" 2-Way Component Speaker System Peak Power: 200 watts per pair / 100 watts each RMS Power: 120 watts per pair / 60 watts each Mica-filled polypropylene cone Butyl rubber surround 3/4" Silk dome tweeter 3-Position adjustable tweeter level Mylar capacitors 4 ohms impedance 1" Voice coil on Kapton former Built in crossover network Flat, symmetrical roll spider Ferrite magnet structure Sensitivity: 90 dB Frequency response: 59 HZ - 22 KHZ Top-mount depth: 2-3/8" |
Car enthusiasts would generally ask this query, "Do I need a car capacitor"? To answer this particular question you should know the kind of vehicle system you got. If you are the kind who frequently upgrade your car's audio system but do not know whether the current electrical system are designed for its power needs chances are you may need one, because some vehicles are not able to handle high energy systems.
Tsunami HCAP-5 Capacitor is a reasonable addition for your system due to the fact that not all vehicle batteries can handle high capacity car audio systems. You will observe fluctuation of power whenever your headlights dim during peak usage or when a largemouth bass drum strike. It also filters the AC voltage for amplifier power that can produce disrupting noise.
A car audio capacitor such as the Tsunami HCAP-5 Capacitor basically amasses power for the car's electric usage. It provides additional needed energy in order to power the amplifier to produce awesome sound especially when producing a bombastic largemouth bass sound.
Just one Farad of capacitance is actually recommended for each 500 w of amp power nevertheless, you can never have too much capacitance for the car's electric program. The Tsunami HCAP - 5 is a 5.0 Farad high-powered hybrid capacitor that accompanies a digital volt meter. It's two 1/0 or even 4-gauge inputs as well as four 1/0 or even 4-guage outputs for any multi-amp system as many as 3 amplifiers. The Tsunami capacitor can provide a total of 5,000 watts RMS. This is more than enough to power your car amp.
The Tsunami HCAP-5 electronic hybrid car capacitor is available in aluminium outer shell with stainless plastic highlights. It includes a hinge that hides the terminal contacts. It has a blue electronic LCD volt meter. The flashing red-colored LED's implies high or low voltage. The working current of Tsunami capacitor is 20 volt or 24 at volt rise. Its terminals have a 1/10-gauge nickel plated, higher current terminal blocks along with 4-gauge reducers. The HCAP-5 includes one positive, one negative input, and a pair of positive, and two negative outputs.
In conclusion, regardless of whether you need a car capacitor or otherwise, are clarified by how much power you need for your car audio system. If it needs too much power then it will likely be starving your cars additional electric gadgets which will result to low performance. If you have a sophisticated car audio system that needs additional power, then it's time for you to get the Tsunami HCAP-5 Capacitor.
Mica Galleb is a passionate free lance writer, SEO and Web Design expert. She owns an online electronic store based in Auckland, New Zealand.
Beam: -Steered Laser Marking of Plastics & Fundamentals
Beam-steered Nd: YAG (Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser marking provides a unique combination of speed, permanence, and imaging versatility in a noncontact marking process. Laser marking can generate considerable savings in reduced manufacturing and tooling costs; elimination of secondary processes and consumable disposal; and reduced inventory expense, quality-control costs, and maintenance downtime. Laser marking frequently improves the aesthetic appearance of the marking image, thereby increasing the product's perceived value. Of all materials, plastics are the most challenging in terms of the laser's interaction with the material and the required image quality. The wide variety of material chemistries and colors and the aesthetic requirements of most plastics applications require special consideration in both material chemistry and imaging techniques. The successful implementation of laser marking technology requires a working knowledge of the laser marker's function and capabilities and a committed, team approach by the user. Marking Fundamentals Laser marking is a thermal process that employs a high-intensity beam of focused laser light to create a contrasting mark on the material surface. As the target material absorbs the laser light, the surface temperature increases to induce a color change in the material and/or vaporization of material to engrave the surface. Beam-steered laser marking employs mirrors mounted on high-speed, computer-controlled galvanometers to direct the laser beam across the target surface. Each galvanometer provides one axis of beam motion in the marking field. A multi-element, flat-field lens assembly subsequently focuses the laser light to achieve high power density on the work surface while maintaining the focused-spot travel on a flat plane. The laser output is gated to blank the beam between marking strokes. Marking can be accomplished at speeds of up to 5000 mm/sec with positioning speeds between marking strokes of 50,000 mm/sec. Because the process relies on heat conduction into the plastic, marking speeds are usually slower than the system's maximum capability to allow sufficient conduction to achieve the desired results. The beam-steered marker can duplicate virtually any black-and-white image, including variable line widths and images as small as 0.0001 inch. Present computer-imaging technology produces highly intricate graphics with line widths, resolution, and accuracy well below 0.001 inch. Because “drawing” with the laser beam creates the image, the marking time is dependent on the amount and complexity of the text and graphics. With computer-generated imaging, any graphic element or the entire marking program can be instantly changed before a new part is positioned for marking. Nd:YAG lasers amplify light of 1.06mm wavelength in the near-infrared. They are unique among the different types of lasers in that they operate much like an "optical capacitor." In pulsed operation, the Nd: YAG laser stores energy between pulses, resulting in peak powers of kilowatts of light energy. A Nd: YAG laser emitting 75 watts of continuous light, pulsed at 1 kHz, emits a train of pulses with peak powers of 110,000 watts. The "optical capacitor" effect provides the peak power necessary to vaporize material. For plastics applications, the laser must also be run in a "top hat" mode, where the power distribution is fairly even across the cross section of the laser beam in order to eliminate "hot spots" in the marking path. The beam-steered Nd: YAG marker frequently replaces acid and electro-etch systems, stamping and punching systems, and those other marking systems that permanently mark products by imprinting or engraving. It also replaces other, less permanent printing systems, including ink jet. Uncoated Plastics Most uncoated plastics must be doped with a material reflective to the laser wavelength to prevent over-absorption of the laser light, which results in loss of control of the temperature rise and excessive melting on the surface. Light-colored plastics are doped with mica, titanium dioxide or carbon-containing materials. The heat generated by absorption of the laser light causes the carbon to migrate to the surface, producing a contrasting dark mark against the unaltered background plastic. Plastics are semitransparent to the near-infrared wavelength of the Nd: YAG laser. Depending on the degree of transparency and the laser output power, the laser beam can alter the material surface to depths of more than 0.025 mm without achieving vaporization temperature on the surface. If material vaporization occurs, the layer of carbon is thinned and the marking image will appear washed out. There has been considerable success in altering the depth of carbon migration to create gray-scale graphics on light plastics. Adjusting the power and/or pulse rate of the laser controls the depth of penetration and therebv the darkness of the mark. Increasing the laser power will increase the overall depth of penetration and thickness of the carbon layer. Increasing the pulse rate will result in a longer pulse width and lower peak power. The longer exposure also increases the depth of penetration and associated carbon layer. Dark plastic is doped with a material that produces a lighter color as the material expands and the density decreases. As the temperature of the plastic increases, the plastic expands to form a "blister" on the surface and a lighter-colored mark. As with light plastics, the temperature must be tightly controlled to avoid over absorption. If the temperature rises too high and the blister bursts, material is lost and the mark will lose contrast. Not all plastics require dopant to achieve a contrasting mark. Several plastics do yield excellent results without additives; for example, most black polycarbonates produce a snow-white mark without altering the chemistry. Coated Plastics Coated plastics consist of a solid, translucent, or transparent plastic with one or more coats of ink or paint. The marking image is created by achieving vaporization temperature on the surface to remove the top coat and expose the underlying plastic or second coat. Coated plastics allow a great deal of control over color selection and marking contrast. Transparent plastics allow the designer to use an underlying part to establish the background color (marking image) while the topcoat determines the foreground color. Solid plastics establish their own background with the color of the plastic. Translucent plastics are frequently used for backlit applications. The plastic is initially coated with a white paint and overlaid with a dark topcoat. The laser removes the topcoat, exposing the white paint for daytime visibility. When the part is backlit at night, the lighting illuminates the translucent plastic from behind and the marking image appears in the color of the plastic. The paint or ink used must be conducive to laser processing. Standard paints and inks are neither predictable nor controllable when exposed to the laser output. The inks burn easily and can mix with the underlying plastic while in the molten liquid state. Laser-compatible inks are mixed with a silicone-based material reflective to the laser output, thereby reducing the ink's light absorption and rate of thermal reaction. Paints must be suitable for high-temperature processing and be free of any contaminants that may absorb the laser wavelength and speed up the thermal rise. To achieve a quality image, the top coat must be completely removed with minimal impact on the underlying plastic or secondary coat. To maximize the ratio of light absorption between the two layers, the top coat must always be a dark color and the contrasting underlying layer must be a light color. The dark color will absorb a comparatively higher percentage of the laser light, resulting in a higher surface temperature, while the light color reflects a higher percentage and minimizes the temperature rise. The underlying plastic, paint, or ink should also be thick enough to tolerate a minor amount of material removal during marking. Marking coated plastics is a multi-step process in which the first marking pass removes the majority of the top coating. The remaining residue is removed with a second, lower-power pass to minimize the effect to the underlying material. For precise edge definition, the outline of the image is marked prior to filling in the image. The outline is marked with a heavy edge pass (i.e., 50 kHz, 250 mm/sec, 2.5 watts) followed by a lower-power cleanup pass (50 kHz, 250 mm/sec,1.75 watts). The image is then filled, if desired, with a heavy fill pass (50 kHz, 650 mm/sec, 6 watts) and subsequent cleanup pass (50 kHz, 6.50 mm/sec, 4.5 watts). Care in determining the process parameters for each pass and the edge and fill beam paths will result in a crisp, high-contrast, high-quality marking image. Preparation and Installation Perhaps the most critical element in the successful application of laser marking is the composition of the part programs. When replacing an existing marking technology, one must allow up to six months for conversion of existing art work to part-marking computer programs. Even if the present artwork resides in AutoCAD files, time must be allotted to convert the files to optimized marking programs. Many users start with thousands of sheets of Mylar artwork. (Mylar is a Dupont trade name.) Each Mylar film is scanned to create a bitmap image. The scanned bitmap could be directly converted to the laser marker format with good image quality, but the cycle time would be unnecessarily long, with excessive marking line overlap. For best results, import the scanned bitmap into AutoCAD as a positional template. Create a separate marking "logo" for each alphanumeric character and graphic image, and, in AutoCAD, place each logo in position on a separate layer, using the bitmap template as a positioning guide. A library of optimized logos facilitates the creation of programs from the scanned artwork, allows nonstandard text kerning and line leading, and ensures low cycle time and high image quality. After all the logos are in place, the template layer is removed, and the final CAD file is converted to the laser marker program format. If the art work already exists in a CAD file format, the image elements could be optimized without using a separate library of logos. Every element including repetitive elements shared between drawings must be individually optimized. It will take considerably longer to convert large quantities of files, and there is no guarantee that every clement is optimized correctly. It is far more efficient to use the original AutoCAD file as the placement template for optimized logos. Implementation of beam-steered laser marking requires a team effort. With cooperative implementation. Manufacturing can ensure product flow and integration with existing controls, the materials department ensures that plastics and coatings are appropriate for laser marking, and engineering will produce part-marking programs with low cycle times and high-quality images. Careful team planning, preparation, and execution will result in a smooth application of laser marking technology and the associated benefits in manufacturing efficiencies, quality, and product value.
Beam-steered Nd: YAG (Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser marking provides a unique combination of speed, permanence, and imaging versatility in a noncontact marking process. Laser marking can generate considerable savings in reduced manufacturing and tooling costs; elimination of secondary processes and consumable disposal; and reduced inventory expense, quality-control costs, and maintenance downtime. Laser marking frequently improves the aesthetic appearance of the marking image, thereby increasing the product's perceived value.
Of all materials, plastics are the most challenging in terms of the laser's interaction with the material and the required image quality. The wide variety of material chemistries and colors and the aesthetic requirements of most plastics applications require special consideration in both material chemistry and imaging techniques. The successful implementation of laser marking technology requires a working knowledge of the laser marker's function and capabilities and a committed, team approach by the user.
Marking Fundamentals
Laser marking is a thermal process that employs a high-intensity beam of focused laser light to create a contrasting mark on the material surface. As the target material absorbs the laser light, the surface temperature increases to induce a color change in the material and/or vaporization of material to engrave the surface.
Beam-steered laser marking employs mirrors mounted on high-speed, computer-controlled galvanometers to direct the laser beam across the target surface. Each galvanometer provides one axis of beam motion in the marking field. A multi-element, flat-field lens assembly subsequently focuses the laser light to achieve high power density on the work surface while maintaining the focused-spot travel on a flat plane. The laser output is gated to blank the beam between marking strokes.
Marking can be accomplished at speeds of up to 5000 mm/sec with positioning speeds between marking strokes of 50,000 mm/sec. Because the process relies on heat conduction into the plastic, marking speeds are usually slower than the system's maximum capability to allow sufficient conduction to achieve the desired results.
The beam-steered marker can duplicate virtually any black-and-white image, including variable line widths and images as small as 0.0001 inch. Present computer-imaging technology produces highly intricate graphics with line widths, resolution, and accuracy well below 0.001 inch. Because “drawing” with the laser beam creates the image, the marking time is dependent on the amount and complexity of the text and graphics. With computer-generated imaging, any graphic element or the entire marking program can be instantly changed before a new part is positioned for marking.
Nd:YAG lasers amplify light of 1.06mm wavelength in the near-infrared. They are unique among the different types of lasers in that they operate much like an "optical capacitor." In pulsed operation, the Nd: YAG laser stores energy between pulses, resulting in peak powers of kilowatts of light energy. A Nd: YAG laser emitting 75 watts of continuous light, pulsed at 1 kHz, emits a train of pulses with peak powers of 110,000 watts. The "optical capacitor" effect provides the peak power necessary to vaporize material. For plastics applications, the laser must also be run in a "top hat" mode, where the power distribution is fairly even across the cross section of the laser beam in order to eliminate "hot spots" in the marking path.
The beam-steered Nd: YAG marker frequently replaces acid and electro-etch systems, stamping and punching systems, and those other marking systems that permanently mark products by imprinting or engraving. It also replaces other, less permanent printing systems, including ink jet.
Uncoated Plastics
Most uncoated plastics must be doped with a material reflective to the laser wavelength to prevent over-absorption of the laser light, which results in loss of control of the temperature rise and excessive melting on the surface. Light-colored plastics are doped with mica, titanium dioxide or carbon-containing materials. The heat generated by absorption of the laser light causes the carbon to migrate to the surface, producing a contrasting dark mark against the unaltered background plastic.
Plastics are semitransparent to the near-infrared wavelength of the Nd: YAG laser. Depending on the degree of transparency and the laser output power, the laser beam can alter the material surface to depths of more than 0.025 mm without achieving vaporization temperature on the surface. If material vaporization occurs, the layer of carbon is thinned and the marking image will appear washed out.
There has been considerable success in altering the depth of carbon migration to create gray-scale graphics on light plastics. Adjusting the power and/or pulse rate of the laser controls the depth of penetration and therebv the darkness of the mark. Increasing the laser power will increase the overall depth of penetration and thickness of the carbon layer. Increasing the pulse rate will result in a longer pulse width and lower peak power. The longer exposure also increases the depth of penetration and associated carbon layer.
Dark plastic is doped with a material that produces a lighter color as the material expands and the density decreases. As the temperature of the plastic increases, the plastic expands to form a "blister" on the surface and a lighter-colored mark. As with light plastics, the temperature must be tightly controlled to avoid over absorption. If the temperature rises too high and the blister bursts, material is lost and the mark will lose contrast.
Not all plastics require dopant to achieve a contrasting mark. Several plastics do yield excellent results without additives; for example, most black polycarbonates produce a snow-white mark without altering the chemistry.
Coated Plastics
Coated plastics consist of a solid, translucent, or transparent plastic with one or more coats of ink or paint. The marking image is created by achieving vaporization temperature on the surface to remove the top coat and expose the underlying plastic or second coat.
Coated plastics allow a great deal of control over color selection and marking contrast. Transparent plastics allow the designer to use an underlying part to establish the background color (marking image) while the topcoat determines the foreground color. Solid plastics establish their own background with the color of the plastic. Translucent plastics are frequently used for backlit applications. The plastic is initially coated with a white paint and overlaid with a dark topcoat. The laser removes the topcoat, exposing the white paint for daytime visibility. When the part is backlit at night, the lighting illuminates the translucent plastic from behind and the marking image appears in the color of the plastic.
The paint or ink used must be conducive to laser processing. Standard paints and inks are neither predictable nor controllable when exposed to the laser output. The inks burn easily and can mix with the underlying plastic while in the molten liquid state. Laser-compatible inks are mixed with a silicone-based material reflective to the laser output, thereby reducing the ink's light absorption and rate of thermal reaction. Paints must be suitable for high-temperature processing and be free of any contaminants that may absorb the laser wavelength and speed up the thermal rise.
To achieve a quality image, the top coat must be completely removed with minimal impact on the underlying plastic or secondary coat. To maximize the ratio of light absorption between the two layers, the top coat must always be a dark color and the contrasting underlying layer must be a light color. The dark color will absorb a comparatively higher percentage of the laser light, resulting in a higher surface temperature, while the light color reflects a higher percentage and minimizes the temperature rise. The underlying plastic, paint, or ink should also be thick enough to tolerate a minor amount of material removal during marking.
Marking coated plastics is a multi-step process in which the first marking pass removes the majority of the top coating. The remaining residue is removed with a second, lower-power pass to minimize the effect to the underlying material. For precise edge definition, the outline of the image is marked prior to filling in the image. The outline is marked with a heavy edge pass (i.e., 50 kHz, 250 mm/sec, 2.5 watts) followed by a lower-power cleanup pass (50 kHz, 250 mm/sec,1.75 watts). The image is then filled, if desired, with a heavy fill pass (50 kHz, 650 mm/sec, 6 watts) and subsequent cleanup pass (50 kHz, 6.50 mm/sec, 4.5 watts). Care in determining the process parameters for each pass and the edge and fill beam paths will result in a crisp, high-contrast, high-quality marking image.
Preparation and Installation
Perhaps the most critical element in the successful application of laser marking is the composition of the part programs. When replacing an existing marking technology, one must allow up to six months for conversion of existing art work to part-marking computer programs. Even if the present artwork resides in AutoCAD files, time must be allotted to convert the files to optimized marking programs.
Many users start with thousands of sheets of Mylar artwork. (Mylar is a Dupont trade name.) Each Mylar film is scanned to create a bitmap image. The scanned bitmap could be directly converted to the laser marker format with good image quality, but the cycle time would be unnecessarily long, with excessive marking line overlap.
For best results, import the scanned bitmap into AutoCAD as a positional template. Create a separate marking "logo" for each alphanumeric character and graphic image, and, in AutoCAD, place each logo in position on a separate layer, using the bitmap template as a positioning guide. A library of optimized logos facilitates the creation of programs from the scanned artwork, allows nonstandard text kerning and line leading, and ensures low cycle time and high image quality. After all the logos are in place, the template layer is removed, and the final CAD file is converted to the laser marker program format.
If the art work already exists in a CAD file format, the image elements could be optimized without using a separate library of logos. Every element including repetitive elements shared between drawings must be individually optimized. It will take considerably longer to convert large quantities of files, and there is no guarantee that every clement is optimized correctly. It is far more efficient to use the original AutoCAD file as the placement template for optimized logos.
Implementation of beam-steered laser marking requires a team effort. With cooperative implementation. Manufacturing can ensure product flow and integration with existing controls, the materials department ensures that plastics and coatings are appropriate for laser marking, and engineering will produce part-marking programs with low cycle times and high-quality images. Careful team planning, preparation, and execution will result in a smooth application of laser marking technology and the associated benefits in manufacturing efficiencies, quality, and product value.
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About the Author
Santosh, Mumbai
which is classified as polarised electrolytic capacitor?
mica capacitor, ceramic capacitor , polyester capacitor or tantalum capacitor .
Tantalum capacitors are always polarized. Mica and ceramics never are. I haven't heard of polyester capacitors.
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