Image Processing

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Image Processing

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The Image Processing Handbook by John C. Russ (1992, Book, Illustrated) The Image Processing Handbook by John C. Russ (1992, Book, Illustrated) Paypal US $9.00 1d 11h 24m
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Old kilns for processing mercury, Mineral de Pozos (Pozos), a UNESCO World Photo Mugs Old kilns for processing mercury, Mineral de Pozos (Pozos), a UNESCO World Photo Mugs

Old kilns for processing mercury, Mineral de Pozos (Pozos), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Guanajuato State, Mexico, North America.

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Image Processing and Analysis [VHS] Image Processing and Analysis [VHS]
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Applications of Modern Image Processing [VHS] Applications of Modern Image Processing [VHS]
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3D Technology Checklist This product is 3D-related. To help you get a great 3D experience, use our checklist below to ensure that you have everything you need. If you have any questions or want to learn more about 3D, we invite you to visit 3D 101--our center for everything 3D. To get started with 3D, please ensure that you have: A Display The first--and most important--item you'll need is a 3D-ready display--whether it be a 3D HDTV, 3D projector, or 3D computer monitor. These displays usually have a higher processing power than older models as they need to display one image for each eye to create a 3D effect. A Source While your display is ready for 3D playback, you still need a device to read 3D content (i.e., a movie or a show). This source can be a cable box with a subscription to a 3D channel, a 3D Blu-ray Disc player, or a PlayStation 3. Content In order to watch 3D, you will need to get some 3D content. This 3D content will come from the source mentioned above in the form of a 3D program, movie, or game. Please ensure that your 3D movies are in the Blu-ray 3D format, as this new format will provide the best 3D experience. 3D Glasses All 3D HDTVs on the market require Active Shutter glasses to create the 3D effect. You will need to buy one pair of glasses for each viewer. Also make sure that the Active Shutter glasses you buy are compatible with your display--for example, buy the glasses from the same brand as your 3D HDTV. HDMI Cable To connect your source (such as a 3D Blu-ray Disc player) to your display, you'll need a hgh-speed HDMI cable. Cables with this designation--with bandwidth speeds up to 10.2 Gbps (gigabits per second)--will be able to carry the 3D signal without any loss of quality. If you want to get more information about 3D, shop our 3D products, watch videos, or interact with other customers, visit 3D 101, our customer center about everything 3D. Experience TV programs, movies, games, and other video content with a 3D stereoscopic effect when you combine your compatible Mitsubishi HDTV with this 3D Starter Pack, which includes everything you need to start watching 3D video at home. It comes with a 3D Adapter with remote, two pair of Active 3D eyewear with matching emitter, and an HDMI cable. The Starter Pack also comes with a Disney Blu-ray Showcase Disc, which includes 3D trailers of A Christmas Carol, Alice In Wonderland, and Toy Story 3 along with an educational short on 3D presented by Disney's Timon and Pumba characters from The Lion King. Specifications Mitsubishi's 3D Starter Pack works with the following 3D-ready Mitsubishi HDTVs: 2007 Mitsubishi Models WD-57833* WD-65833* WD-73833* * feature named FX Gaming 2008 Mitsubishi Models WD-60735 WD-60C8 WD-65735 WD-65736 WD-65835 WD-65C8 WD-73735 WD-73736 WD-73835 WD-73C8 L65-A90 2009 Mitsubishi Models WD-60737 WD-60C9 WD-65737 WD-65837 WD-65C9 WD-73737 WD-73837 WD-73C9 WD-82737 WD-82837 2010 Mitsubishi Models WD-60638 WD-60C10 WD-60738 WD-65638 WD-65C10 WD-65738 WD-65838 WD-73638 WD-73C10 WD-73738 WD-73838 WD-82738 WD-82838 L75-A91 Frequently Asked Questions How is the new 3D TV technology different from older 3D? Prior to 2010, there have been 3D DVD titles that have come to market that use anaglyph glasses, which use lenses tinted red and cyan (or other colors) which are used to combine two false-color images. The result seen by the viewer is discolored and usually lower-resolution than the new method. The principal improvement of today's 3D technology is the use of active shutter and passive eyewear which are high contrast and provide for a better higher video resolution experience. Today's 3DTVs also have technology that enables 3D images to be rendered on screen as intended by the content providers. How is 3D TV different from 3D in the theater? 3DTV is a large screen, immersive experience. Many consumers have experienced 3D feature films at 3D movie theaters. The DLP technology is the technology used in majority of 3D cinema theaters. DLP is also the technology used in Mitsubishi 3D-Ready and Mitsubishi 3D TVs. In theaters, passive polarized 3D glasses are mainly used to view 3D movies. Most present day 3DTVs utilize active shutter glasses. Does everyone watching programming on a 3D TV need to wear 3D glasses? Yes. Everyone watching programming on a 3D TV must wear 3D glasses to properly see the 3D effect. Without 3D glasses, the image on the screen will appear doubled, distorted, and unwatchable. Currently, a technology does not exist which allows a single TV to display both 2D and 3D content simultaneously without 3D glasses.

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On this first of three DVDs in the Matte Surface rendering series, Scott shares with you the shading techniques he has been teaching for over a decade. Scott covers the necessary tools and materials, explaining how to use them. Next he explains and demonstrates the basics of how our brains interpret form via value changes. Scott uses observational video clips of a box in various lighting scenarios to reinforce his value assignment strategy. Walking you through several sketches, he shows his techniques for properly constructing the cast shadows of planar forms. The rendering examples demonstrate the use of pencil, chalk and marker. This DVD is intended as a "must-watch" for beginners and a good refresher for the more experienced artist/designer.

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Image Processing

Image Processing

Documents that are scanned for image processing or storage are often captured at 8 bits per pixel. These are referred to as grayscale images in that 256 levels of gray are able to be represented in the image. The capability to represent shades of gray is required to faithfully capture photographs and graphics but is not normally needed for text. Consequently, scanned images are often binarized. This process involves the selection of a threshold value and then changing all pixel values below that threshold to black and all pixel values above the threshold to white. This compresses the image by only requiring 1 bit per pixel instead of 8 bits per pixel. For example, an 8.5 inch by 11 inch document scanned at 200 samples per inch, has its storage requirement drop from 3.6 megabytes to 450 kilobytes. Binarization also occurs when documents are transmitted by fax as images are created that are represented with 1 bit per pixel as well.

Given a proper threshold, binarized images that contain text can normally still be read by either human eye or OCR algorithms. Indeed, some OCR algorithms begin the OCR process by binarizing the image as the text is typically dark against a lighter background. However, if bar codes are present within the binarized image, they can by altered enough by the binarization process to cause difficulty for a decode algorithm. The image to the left (http://www.omniplanar.com/_upload/CodePics/Code39-GreyscaleWeb.gif) shows part of the start pattern of a Code 39 linear bar code. The top portion shows the image represented as 8 bits per pixel, while the lower portion shows a binarized version using a threshold of 100. Note that the smooth transitions from white to black in the grayscale image have been transformed into ragged edges that have plus or minus one pixel variability. As a result, the width of each bar or space can vary by plus or minus 2 pixels. Given that the information in linear bar codes is contained in the widths of the bars and spaces, decode problems can result depending on the size and type of the original bar code symbol. The remainder of this article will focus on two issues that should be considered to improve the read rate of binarized bar codes: sample density and symbology type.

Sample Density

Sample density is the number of samples per unit area that an image is captured. Typical sample densities used for document processing range from 200 to 300 samples per inch (dots per inch or DPI). Fax transmission can vary from 100 up to 400 DPI. In bar code decoding, a more important parameter to consider is the samples per module, where the module size is the size of the smallest feature of the bar code. This distance is also referred to as the X dimension. This parameter includes both the sample density of the image capture device along with the size of the bar code being scanned. If a bar code decoding software toolkit requires a minimum of 1.6 pixels per module for linear bar codes in a grayscale image. From above, if the width of a bar or space can vary by 2 pixels after binarization, one can see that problems can exist in the short widths at this low sample density. Consequently, it is recommended that a typical value of 4 pixels per module for bar codes that will be binarized. For a document scanned at 200 DPI, this requires a minimum module size in the printed bar code of .020 inchs or 20 mils. Increasing the samples per module beyond 4 is also recommended for images that will go through multiple binarization processes such as documents that will be faxed multiple times.

Symbology Type

The choice of symbology used to encode data should also be considered carefully. Linear (or 1D) bar codes can be broadly classified into two distinct groups: wide/narrow codes and multiple width codes. In a wide/narrow code, each bar or space can only be either narrow or wide. The wide to narrow ratio, which gives the size ratio between the two widths, typically ranges from 2 to 3. Popular symbologies that use only 2 widths include Code 39 and Interleaved 2 of 5. Multiple width codes have more than 2 possible choices for the widths of bars and spaces. Popular symbologies that employ more than two possible widths include UPC and Code 128, both of which allow a bar or space to be either 1, 2, 3, or 4 modules. Given the same samples per module, wide/narrow symbologies typically survive the binarization process with higher read rate performance than their multiple width counterparts. This is simply due to the fact that in the presence of edge variation due to binarization, it is easier to determine if a run is X or 3X wide (where X is the length of a module and an assumed wide to narrow ratio of 3) or if it is 1X, 2X, 3X or 4X as is the case with multiple width symbologies. The table below classifies some popular linear symbologies into the two classes mentioned above.

Wide/Narrow

Codabar
Code 39
Interleaved 2 of 5
Patch Code

Multiple Width

Code 128
Code 93
RSS
UPC

While wide/narrow symbologies are preferred in applications where binarization will occur, they do not normally have as high a data density (data stored per unit width) compared to multiple width symbologies with the same X dimension. This can be an issue where limited space on the document is provided for the bar code symbol.

2D Symbologies

2D (or two-dimensional) matrix symbologies are typically presence/absence codes. They use a regular grid of possible cell positions, and the presence or absence of a cell in a grid location encodes the data. Two-dimensional symbols have much higher data density than 1D codes as information is stored in both dimensions of the symbol. In addition, they normally provide error correction to provide redundancy in case some cell data values can not be determined. When a 2D symbol is binarized with sufficient samples per module (the size of a grid position), they tend to do better than linear codes as the edge information is not as critical: it is the position of the center of the cell that is more important. Decoding software may require a minimum of 2.75 pixels per module in a grayscale image for reliable operation. If additional samples per module beyond 2.75 is provided, performance continues to improve and is a good choice for images that will undergo multiple binarizations. A sample density of 5 pixels or more for 2D matrix symbologies gives good read performance after binarization. Popular 2D Matrix codes include Data Matrix, QR Code, and Aztec Code.

PDF417 is often referred to as a 2D symbology. However, it is not a true matrix code. It is a stacked linear code, consisting of multiple rows of short linear codewords. It allows bars and spaces to have up to 6 different widths and as such it can be adversely affected by binarization at lower samples per module.

Summary

In applications where scanned documents containing bar codes are to be binarized, read rate performance can be improved by using linear symbologies that employ only wide/narrow choices for bars and spaces along with at least 4 or more pixels per module. Two-dimensional matrix codes are a good choice when binarization is used with a minimumof 5 pixels per module, and they provide the added benefit of increasing data density of the bar code symbol.

About the Author

With over 17 years of experience in the bar code industry, Bob Dunphy has been Principal Engineer at Omniplanar, Inc (
http://www.omniplanar.com
) since its inception. He has designed numerous CCD camera systems as well as high speed processing platforms.

want to do image processing autonomous robot?

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iCAD Announces Schedule of Events and Featured Image Analysis Solutions for Breast, Prostate and Colon Cancer ...
NASHUA, N.H.----iCAD, Inc. , an industry-leading provider of advanced image analysis and workflow solutions for the early identification of cancer, announces its schedule of events at the European Society of Radiology’s annual meeting being held in Vienna, Austria, from March 4 – 8, 2010.

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