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Pirates of the Barbary Coast
List Price: $39.99
Sale Price: $4.77
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Become Articus, the prosperous sea captain, whose merchant ship was plundered and fair daughter kidnapped by the lecherous pirate, Bloodthroat! Now, he and his crew demand a ransom of 50,000 gold pieces for her safe return!
Take to the high seas to visit various seaports to raise the ransom they require. Repair battle damage, buy supplies and obtain information about Bloodthroat's hideout and buried treasure. Defend your ship against the treacherous pirates by aiming your powerful cannons and blasting them to the watery grave they so richly deserve!
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IBM System 360 RPG Debugging Template and Keypunch Card
List Price: $0.00
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This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.
This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.
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Black Spool Ribbon for IBM Typewriter Compatible
Sale Price: $6.50
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IBM Typewriter spool ribbon for use with IBM machines. , We offer a complete unconditional guarantee on this product. , Our 1-800 support number takes you directly to a LIVE support person that has full knowledge of this product. , This item is in stock and you can select the shipping method of your choice. , All supplies are freshly manufactured for the specific need and are completely guaranted to fit your machine. , Our site is a first-class BBB member and provides the highest credit card security available.
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Typewriter Ribbon Black Twin Spool SC-20
Sale Price: $9.75
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Twin spool typewriter ribbon for use in Royal, Smith Corona, Brother, Canon, Olivetti, Olympia and Sears typewriter models 285 Keypunch, 550, 551, 801, 802, 803, 1201, 5028, Bank Proof Control, System 7 Model 3262
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Black & White Spool Ribbon for IBM Typewriter Compatible
Sale Price: $11.00
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IBM Typewriter spool ribbon for use with IBM machines. , We offer a complete unconditional guarantee on this product. , Our 1-800 support number takes you directly to a LIVE support person that has full knowledge of this product. , This item is in stock and you can select the shipping method of your choice. , All supplies are freshly manufactured for the specific need and are completely guaranted to fit your machine. , Our site is a first-class BBB member and provides the highest credit card security available.
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What is a Good Program Spec?
"Whenever you see a ratio of 1:4 analysts:programmers you will find systems analysis being performed at the wrong time and by the wrong person."
- Bryce's Law
INTRODUCTION
Since the industry is preoccupied with producing software faster
(and not necessarily better), let's stop and consider how we typically approach programming and allow me to put my spin on it. There are fundamentally three aspects to any program development effort: defining the program's specifications, designing and writing the program itself, and testing it. The software engineering gurus in the industry are primarily concerned with the internal design of the program, but there
is now a raft of consultants trying to determine the best way to
approach the program externally. Why? Because there is now many ways for producing software than just writing source code using a common text editor; e.g., visual programming aids/prototyping tools, workbenches, 4GL's, program generators, etc. Such tools take the need for writing precise source code out of the hands of the programmers and allows them to concentrate on basic screen and report layout. They are excellent tools for most programming assignments, but they cannot do 100% of all of the programming for all applications. We still require
professional software developers with an intimate knowledge of programming languages and design techniques. Regardless if we write a program by hand, or use some sort of interpreter/generator, we still need to provide the programmer with precise specifications in order to perform their work.
Seldom do companies make use of a uniform approach for producing program specifications. It is not uncommon for programmers to receive specs in obscure ways, such as a memo from an end-user (the back of a cocktail napkin is my personal favorite). Rarely are specifications given in a consistent manner that can be evaluated for completeness. A standard approach would improve productivity and communications within the programming staff alone.
What should a good program spec include? Actually, its not too
difficult to figure out...
ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAM SPECIFICATION
Each program should be defined in terms of:
- Input Descriptions (to collect data or request an output) - be it implemented by a GUI, command line interface, verbal, optical, or through some other screen interface. All inputs should include:
a. Name, alternate ID, program label, description.
b. Defined layout and examples.
c. Input transaction specifications, including default values
and editing rules for data to be collected.
d. Messages; e.g., data validation, and general processing.
e. Panels (for screens).
f. Relationship of inputs to outputs.
- Output Descriptions (to retrieve data) - be it implemented by a GUI, printed report, audio/video, or through some other screen interface. All outputs should include:
a. Name, alternate ID, program label, description.
b. Defined layout and examples.
c. Panels (for screens), maps (for reports).
d. Messages; e.g., general processing and program specific
information/warning/error messages.
- Data Structure Descriptions (data bases, files, records, and data elements).
NOTE: Programmers should NOT be in the business of designing
data bases as they will only do what is convenient for their
application, not others (thereby missing the opportunity for a
company to share and re-use data). Physical files should be defined by Data Base Administrators.
a. All data structures should include: Name, alternate ID,
program label, description. They should also include...
b. Data Bases - organization, key(s), labels, volume/size,
backup requirements, internal structure.
c. Files (both primary and working) - organization, key(s),
labels, volume/size, backup requirements, internal structure,
file-to-file relationships.
d. Records - form, length, key(s), contents, record-to-record
relationships.
e. Data Elements - class, justification, fill character,
void state, mode, picture, label, size, precision, scale,
validation rules. If generated data, rules for calculation.
If group data, rules for assignment.
- Program Description:
a. Name, alternate ID, program label, description.
b. Characteristics: Required processing speed, memory requirements.
c. Dependencies to other programs externally (e.g., batch job stream).
d. Dependencies to modules internally (e.g., DLLs, subroutines, etc.)
e. Functions to be performed with Inputs, Outputs, and
Data Structures (create/update/reference).
f. Special processing rules (logic for processing)
g. Command language required to execute the program (e.g., command files, JCL, etc.)
h. Physical environment where program will be executed.
i. Test Plan and how to assemble test data.
j. Method of implementation - programming language(s) to
be used, design techniques to be observed, tools to be
used.
In-house software engineering standards complements any program specification (and should provide guidelines for writing the specification). Such standards define "best practices" for design and conventions to be observed during programming. As an aside, the objective of software engineering should be: Maintainability (easy to correct and update), Performance, Design Correctness (proof), International support (to accommodate languages and cultures), Integration (sharing and re-using code), and Portability (platform independence).
Between the programming spec as listed above and a good set of programming standards, it becomes rather easy to implement any program, be it by hand or through the use of a generator. As a matter of policy, specifications should be written under the assumption that a program generator will be used. This forces us to be more precise in our specifications.
OKAY, SO HOW DO WE GET THERE?
When it comes to assembling a program spec, I am of the philosophy that "You eat elephants one spoonful at a time." It is difficult to gather the specs for a single program in one fell swoop. Plus, when we consider most development projects today involve more than one program, the problem is further complicated. For major development efforts, I am of the opinion that "layers" of documentation are required. For example, under "PRIDE-ISEM, we view a system as a collection of sub-systems (business processes), implemented by procedures (administrative and computer), administrative procedures consist of operational steps (tasks), and computer procedures consist of programs (which can be sub-divided into modules if so desired).
Basically, "PRIDE" views a system as a product that can be engineered and manufactured like any other product. From this viewpoint, we can make use of other engineering techniques, such as a top-down blueprinting approach to documentation where levels of abstraction define the different levels in the system hierarchy. For example, the Phase 1 Information Requirements contained in the "System Study & Evaluation Manual" define what system(s) are needed (either new or existing systems requiring modification); the Phase 2 "System Design Manual" includes specifies the sub-systems; the Phase 3 "Sub-System Design Manual" specifies the procedures
in the business process; the Phase 4-I "Administrative Procedure Manual" specifies the operational steps, and; the Phase 4-II "Computer Run Book" specifies the programs. This blueprinting approach allows us to progressively refine our specifications until we reach the bottom of the product structure. In other words, it is not necessary to define everything about an Input, Output, File, or Data Element all at once, but rather to initially identify the need for them, then progressively refine the details until we are ready to program.
This approach to documentation is sometimes referred to as "step-wise refinement" whereby the design of a structure, such as a product or building, is refined over various levels of abstraction. Only when we have completed these architectural
designs can the product move to manufacturing/building. Imagine trying to build an automobile or skyscraper without such a technique. It would be virtually impossible. Why should systems be any different? In order for this approach to
work, you must accept the concepts: a system is a product; that there are various levels of abstraction to it, and; there are standards for documenting each level. This is considerably different than a "forms driven" approach to development;
e.g., fill out forms in a regimented sequence without any thought in regard to the design of the system. Instead, documentation should be a natural by-product of the design process.
This also makes a clear delineation in terms of "types" of specifications; for example "information requirements" and "programming specs" are miles apart in terms of content and purpose. Whereas the former is a specification regarding the business needs of the user, the latter is a technical specification
for the programmer to implement.
This blueprinting approach also highlights the need for basic systems work in the earlier phases of design, with the programmers being the beneficiaries of more precise specifications (as opposed to vague concepts), thereby
simplifying their job.
CONCLUSION
So, what is a good program spec? Anything that eliminates the guesswork for the programmer. Consider this: if the up-front system design work was done right, programming should be less than 15% of the entire development process. Then why does it currently command 85% of our overall time (and financial resources)? Primarily because we have shifted our focus and no longer believe we are being productive unless we are
programming. After all, programming is perhaps the most visible evidence of our work effort; system design is less tangible.
Let me illustrate, back in 1976 I took an entry level COBOL training course from IBM in Cincinnati. Our class was divided into teams of three people and each team was given problems to solve. When we received an assignment, the other two programmers in my team immediately started to write code,
key their entries (Yes, we used keypunch equipment back then), then compiled the program. Inevitably, there were errors and they would go back-and-forth correcting errors until they finally got it right. As for me, when I got an assignment, I would pull out a plastic template and paper, and work out the logic of the program before writing the code. I would then key and compile, and would always complete the assignment before my partners. Curiosity got the better of me and I asked them, "Why do you do it that way?" They contended this was how they were expected to work by their superiors; that they weren't being productive unless they were producing code. I countered that even though they were faster at producing code, I was still beating them every time, simply because I was thinking the problem through.
The IBM rep who registered me for the class happened to stop by and asked me if I was learning anything. I said I was learning more about "programmers" than I was about "programming." I am still learning about programmers, but I haven't noticed any significant changes in their attitudes
towards development since then. True, we now have some great tools to expedite programming. But if they are so good, why doesn't our backlog diminish? Why are we constantly in a maintenance mode? Why can we never seem to complete our major applications on time? Why? Because we are no longer doing the up-front work.
Just remember, it is always "Ready, Aim, Fire" - any other sequence is simply counterproductive.
About the Author
Tim Bryce is the Managing Director of M. Bryce & Associates (MBA) of Palm Harbor, Florida, a management consulting firm specializing in Information Resource Management (IRM). Mr. Bryce has over 30 years of experience in the field. He is available for training and consulting on an international basis. His corporate web page is at:
http://www.phmainstreet.com/mba/
He can be contacted at: timb001@phmainstreet.com
Copyright © 2006 MBA. All rights reserved.
Connie Olavarri Lopes
Connie Olavarri Lopes, a selfless, compassionate woman who always found the good in everybody and lived her life to the fullest, died Aug. 24, 2010 at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in San Jose. She was 89.
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