http://www.cwhdallas.com/hollerith-punch/
Hollerith Punch
 |
 |
Herman Hollerith,small table,statistician,mechanical tabulator,punch cards,c1900 |  |
 |
US $8.99 | 21d 16h 9m |
 |
Herman Hollerith,small table,statistician,mechanical tabulator,punch cards,c1870 | |
|
US $8.99 | 21d 16h 9m |
| Powered by phpBay Pro |
 |
IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation List Price: $27.50 Sale Price: $7.96  |
|
Was IBM, "The Solutions Company," partly responsible for the Final Solution? That's the question raised by Edwin Black's IBM and the Holocaust, the most controversial book on the subject since Daniel Jonah Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners. Black, a son of Holocaust survivors, is less tendentiously simplistic than Goldhagen, but his thesis is no less provocative: he argues that IBM founder Thomas Watson deserved the Merit Cross (Germany's second-highest honor) awarded him by Hitler, his second-biggest customer on earth. "IBM, primarily through its German subsidiary, made Hitler's program of Jewish destruction a technologic mission the company pursued with chilling success," writes Black. "IBM had almost single-handedly brought modern warfare into the information age [and] virtually put the 'blitz' in the krieg." The crucial technology was a precursor to the computer, the IBM Hollerith punch card machine, which Black glimpsed on exhibit at the U.S. Holocaust Museum, inspiring his five-year, top-secret book project. The Hollerith was used to tabulate and alphabetize census data. Black says the Hollerith and its punch card data ("hole 3 signified homosexual ... hole 8 designated a Jew") was indispensable in rounding up prisoners, keeping the trains fully packed and on time, tallying the deaths, and organizing the entire war effort. Hitler's regime was fantastically, suicidally chaotic; could IBM have been the cause of its sole competence: mass-murdering civilians? Better scholars than I must sift through and appraise Black's mountainous evidence, but clearly the assessment is overdue. The moral argument turns on one question: How much did IBM New York know about IBM Germany's work, and when? Black documents a scary game of brinksmanship orchestrated by IBM chief Watson, who walked a fine line between enraging U.S. officials and infuriating Hitler. He shamefully delayed returning the Nazi medal until forced to--and when he did return it, the Nazis almost kicked IBM and its crucial machines out of Germany. (Hitler was prone to self-defeating decisions, as demonstrated in How Hitler Could Have Won World War II.) Black has created a must-read work of history. But it's also a fascinating business book examining the colliding influences of personality, morality, and cold strategic calculation. --Tim Appelo IBM and the Holocaust is the stunning story of IBM's strategic alliance with Nazi Germany -- beginning in 1933 in the first weeks that Hitler came to power and continuing well into World War II. As the Third Reich embarked upon its plan of conquest and genocide, IBM and its subsidiaries helped create enabling technologies, step-by-step, from the identification and cataloging programs of the 1930s to the selections of the 1940s. Only after Jews were identified -- a massive and complex task that Hitler wanted done immediately -- could they be targeted for efficient asset confiscation, ghettoization, deportation, enslaved labor, and, ultimately, annihilation. It was a cross-tabulation and organizational challenge so monumental, it called for a computer. Of course, in the 1930s no computer existed. But IBM's Hollerith punch card technology did exist. Aided by the company's custom-designed and constantly updated Hollerith systems, Hitler was able to automate his persecution of the Jews. Historians have always been amazed at the speed and accuracy with which the Nazis were able to identify and locate European Jewry. Until now, the pieces of this puzzle have never been fully assembled. The fact is, IBM technology was used to organize nearly everything in Germany and then Nazi Europe, from the identification of the Jews in censuses, registrations, and ancestral tracing programs to the running of railroads and organizing of concentration camp slave labor. IBM and its German subsidiary custom-designed complex solutions, one by one, anticipating the Reich's needs. They did not merely sell the machines and walk away. Instead, IBM leased these machines for high fees and became the sole source of the billions of punch cards Hitler needed.IBM and the Holocaust takes you through the carefully crafted corporate collusion with the Third Reich, as well as the structured deniability of oral agreements, undated letters, and the Geneva intermediaries -- all undertaken as the newspapers blazed with accounts of persecution and destruction. Just as compelling is the human drama of one of our century's greatest minds, IBM founder Thomas Watson, who cooperated with the Nazis for the sake of profit. Only with IBM's technologic assistance was Hitler able to achieve the staggering numbers of the Holocaust. Edwin Black has now uncovered one of the last great mysteries of Germany's war against the Jews -- how did Hitler get the names? |
 |
IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation List Price: $16.95 Sale Price: $5.75 |
|
Published to extraordinary praise, this provocative international bestseller details the story of IBM’s strategic alliance with Nazi Germany. IBM and the Holocaust provides a chilling investigation into corporate complicity, and the atrocities witnessed raise startling questions that throw IBM’s wartime ethics into serious doubt. Edwin Black’s monumental research exposes how IBM and its subsidiaries helped create enabling technologies for the Nazis, step-by-step, from the identification and cataloging programs of the 1930s to the selections of the 1940s. With a new afterword, the publishing event of last year is certain to generate even more controversy. |
 |
Father, Son, and Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond List Price: $22.95 Sale Price: $2.82 |
|
Father, Son, and Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond |
Desktop, notebooks, netbooks and windows: Do you wonder where these computer terminologies came from? Well, just like any other products in the market, these items have their own histories. You are using these terms in computer parlance but you never had the time to research on why such ideas came to existence. Perhaps, it will be best to look into the history of these computer terminologies.
Basically, computer terms started with the invention of computers. The computers you are using today will not be existent without the presence of loom devices used in cloth weaving. During the 1800's complex patterns were worked on through these looming devices. These ones were created by Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French inventor. These operated through the use of holes punched in a card.
Understanding a Computer Terminology - Knowing the History of Computers
During the 1890's Herman Hollerith made mechanical inventions using punch cards. These gadgets were very important in conducting the US Census from that era. The machine was sold to Computer Tabulating Recording or CTR. This is the company you now know as International Business Machines or IBM.
From punch cards came other computer devices like the digital electronic computers, general-purpose computers, transistors and integrated circuits. This also led to the introduction of microprocessors and microcomputers in the market. With all these developments, more computer terminologies have been coined and are now popularly used worldwide.
Computer Terminology # 1 - Desktop Publishing
Desktops are the very popular computers placed on top of the desk. With this basic definition, the computer term desktop is explained. However, more than this aspect of the desktop, there are yet other things to discover. In fact, desktop may also be a short term for desktop publishing.
Desktop publishing became popular in the middle of the 1980's. This was the time when publishers found it necessary to update graphic designs and prepress in the world of printing industries. The output was actually a combination of effort of companies like Aldus, Apple Computer, Adobe and Hewlett Packard. Now, the combined technologies of these four companies made it able for publishing industries to make use of the conveniences of desktop publishing.
Computer Terminologies # 2 and # 3 - Notebooks and Netbooks
You must be wondering who started the introduction of notebooks and netbooks in the market. Well, before these computer terms came into being, there were many stages that computers had gone through. In the 1970's, computers with videos came into the world but it was only in the 1980's when patrons came to know of its valuable contribution to everyday living.
As early as 1964 however, IBM devised a business computer that dominated the business market. Four years later, the very first computer mouse was introduced. In 1975, IBM manufactured the IBM 5100 for personal computing needs. In 1981, Adam Osborne introduced the very first Portable Computer.
Out of Osborne's desire to introduce a computer that can be placed under an airplane seat, the portable computer was a huge success. These ones were sold for a hefty price tag of $1,795.
In 1982, the first notebook-sized computer was introduced in the market by Epson in its HX-20 model. Because of its resemblance to the notebook, people started to devise a computer terminology known as the "notebook". From this important computing device, another computer term is made - the "netbook". Netbooks were termed as such basically because the gadgets were purposely made to provide mobile Internet access anywhere you go.
Computer Terminology # 4 - Windows
Microsoft Windows is more popularly connoted as "windows" by many users. The company introduced the term in 1983 in its operating systems. MS-DOS was the very first one that made use of the concept. Before the computer terminology was even called windows, there is a brief history attached to it.
In the world of computers where Graphical User Interfaces or GUI's are popular, the acronym WIMP also came to existence. This was a short term for computer terminologies such as windows, icons, mouse and pointers. Considering that GUI's were divided into panes, the term "windows" was considered very appropriate.
This Article is written by John C Arkinn from MyOfficePortal the contributor of Office Supplies Information & Resources. More information on the subject is at http://www.myofficeportal.org, and related resources can be found at Inkjet Printer Cartridge.
The 100 oldest registered dot com, org, net, edu domains
Ever wonder what the oldest registered .com domain is on the Internet? After all, they haven't always existed. In fact, it was just 24 years ago this month that the oldest domain was registered. It was www.symbolics.com, owned by the Symbolics, Inc. company who, back in the day, was a leading software development firm with software projects designed back in the 1980s which appear very much like modern software designs seen today. For example, they had developed a fully object-oriented operating system called Genera, which today still exists as Open Genera, for Alpha CPUs. Their domain was registered on March 15, 1985 -- when the Internet was brand new.
Items in green denote current Top 500 ranking. According to Netcraft, there are currently over 216 million website names registered, with about 77 million sites being actively hosted. The rest are parked at their registrar (like GoDaddy).
Check out what www.apple.com looked like in 1997. And what www.intel.com looked like at the same time. Even www.sun.com from 1996 looks antiquated, and Sun Micrsosystems was one of the earliest companies to wholly embrace the web, even touting what has since become the idea of cloud computing back in the 1980s. It's for real folks, the web has changed. It was a completely different place back then.
It's interesting to note that when Apple launched its original integrated Macintosh computer in 1984, so named for a brand of Apple (McIntosh), the company did not yet have the www.apple.com domain. It would take another three years before they got that.
IBM Corporation, founded somewhere between the 1880s and 1924 depending on what even you actually consider to have been a foundational movement (most accept 1896), and the inventor of the original IBM PC computer with an Intel 8088 or 8086 16-bit CPU (limited to 1 MB of memory and 4.77 MHz clock) that had been on sale since the early 1980s, did not get its www.ibm.com domain until 1986, some 90+ years after first coming into existence.
It may be interesting to note that IBM's earliest devices were mechanical tabulators using the Hollerith system for storing signed numbers on fixed-positional punched cards back when the company was called the Tabulating Machine Company (TMC building, 1893 picture). The tabulation equipment was developed by Herman Hollerith to improve efficiency in processing census data every 10 years. After being called TMC since 1896, in 1911 a company called Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR) was formed as a three-way merger of TMC, International Time Recording Company and Computing Scale Corporation. And on February 14, 1924, CTR officially changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Their most advanced tabulating equipment was used during World War II to keep track of holocaust victims, as well as for other Nazi uses.
Many of the domain names appearing on this list have since been moved to other sites. As such, many of them are still in existence, albeit under new identities. The list above shows only those in the Top 1 Million List updated daily by www.alexa.com with the same name today.
www.intel.com comes in at 1018 today, while www.amd.com comes in at 2001. www.sun.com (Sun Microsystems) was the 12th domain registered, just after www.ibm.com, and it is currently in the Top 500 at #484. www.hp.com beats them all as the 9th domain registered, and it sits today at #191.
The tops today are www.adobe.com at #56 and www.apple.com at #66.
Full Article: 100 oldest registered dot com, org, net, edu domains
About the Author
Learning from Conversations...
How do you reconstruct/decode the Hollerith table?
In my computer class, we went over early computer devices, and the teacher gave us all an antique punch card and gave us a related problem to solve. Both it and the answer went right over my head. Help please!
Since you didn't give too many details of the problem to solve, I can't be very specific about the answer you want. In the OLDEN days, computations were often done in FORTRAN or COBOL or some other prehistoric language. The data input in the computer program specified that data had to appear in a certain portion of the card, and the data (sometimes) had to be in a certain format.
So hordes of lackeys would take data and go to the card-punching instrument and enter the data into the cards. The cards would be submitted for processing.
Census tech: When punch cards reigned
Paper punch cards enjoyed a remarkably long tenure at the U.S. Census Bureau, from the 1890s through the 1960s. Hollerith's "statistical pianos," developed for the 1890 census, led to the creation of IBM.
Thanks for visiting!
