http://www.cwhdallas.com/extension-cable/
Extension Cable
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3.5mm Male to Female Audio Extension Cable Cord Splitter Adapter 781 |  |
6 Bids | US $1.26 | 52m |
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NEW Dock Extension Extender Cable for iphone 3G/3GS 4/4S Video Audio Transfer | |
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US $8.74 | 28m |
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100cm RGB Extension Cable Wire for SMD5050 RGB LED Strip Wire | |
3 Bids | US $.30 | 24m |
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NEW Dock Extension Extender Cable for iphone 3G/3GS 4/4S Video Audio Transfer | |
0 Bid | US $6.80 | 6h 33m |
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1M Scrub 3.5MM Aux Extension Jack Cable For Headphone Stereo iPod Speaker to PC | |
3 Bids | US $2.20 | 3h 4m |
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1M 3.5MM Aux Extension Jack Cable For Headphone Stereo iPod ex300 Speaker to PC | |
2 Bids | US $1.11 | 3h 5m |
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Dock Extension Cable For Apple iPhone 4S iPod iPad 3 Video Audio | |
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US $9.99 | 7h 8m |
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10ft HDMI Male to Female Cable Extender Extension Cable | |
0 Bid | US $6.99 | 6h 17m |
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SHIPPING EXTENSION RJ11 CONNECTOR CABLE CORD MAPLE TRIPOD 36" - 60" 1/4" USED | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 1h 59m |
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Dock Extension USB Data Cable support audio vdieo for iPad iPhone 4S iPod Touch | |
0 Bid | US $7.53 | 3h 34m |
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Short Mini USB Miniusb B 5 pin male to female M/F extension Cable/cord | |
2 Bids | US $1.56 | 18m |
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3X 3.5mm Male to Male Retractable Audio Extension Cable for iPod iPhone 3G 4G 4S | |
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US $4.40 | 4h 31m |
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Red 3.5mm F/M 1.3m Extension Audio cord Cable for Monster Beats Headphones heads | |
8 Bids | US $1.25 | 2h 21m |
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Dock Extension Cable iPhone 4 4S iPad 2 iPad 3 iPod Black Video Audio Transfer | |
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US $5.99 | 8h 36m |
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New 3.5mm Jack Headphone Stereo Audio Extension Cable For iPhone 4G/3G/3GS White | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 5h 17m |
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20PCS L=300mm Servo Y Extension Lead Cable Wire Futaba | |
2 Bids | US $.99 | 3h 48m |
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20PCS L=150mm RC Servo Extension Lead Wire Cable Futaba JR | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 3h 50m |
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Red Headphones Extension Audio Cable For Monster Beats Pro Cord 3.5mm 1.3m | |
2 Bids | US $1.25 | 3h 34m |
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Internal Motherboard mainboard host case USB male to female Extension Cable 8p | |
5 Bids | US $3.01 | 3h 37m |
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Video Audio Transfer for iPhone 4 4S 3G 3GS iPad Dock Extension Extender Cable | |
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US $5.83 | 10h 2m |
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3.5mm Male to Male Stereo Audio Extension Cable Cord | |
4 Bids | US $.66 | 6h 2m |
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3.5mm Male to Male Stereo Audio Extension Cable Cord | |
4 Bids | US $.25 | 6h 3m |
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Rocketfish USB GOld A/A Extension Cable RF-PCC103 | |
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US $5.99 | 1h 37m |
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20 x 50cm Servo Extension Lead Wire Cable For Futaba JR | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 4h 5m |
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6 inch USB 2.0 AA MF Black Extension Cable MALE FEMALE | |
0 Bid | US $.01 | 1h 11m |
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Asus K50 K50I K50IN Dual USB Extension Board w/ Cable | |
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US $6.50 | 3h 28m |
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20ft feet 3.5mm Stereo Plug to Jack Extension Cable Audio Output Black | |
0 Bid | US $3.00 | 6h 18m |
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16ft 5M USB 2.0 Active Extension REPEATER CABLE Adapter For Laptop PC Computer | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 4h 18m |
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High Speed USB Extension Cable Male to Female Black for PC Laptop Cord | |
0 Bid | US $1.29 | 7h 13m |
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520mm Servo Extension Leads Wires Cable fr RC Car Plane | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 5h 31m |
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10X 150mm RC Servo Extension Cable Cord Wire Lead For Futaba JR | |
0 Bid | US $.01 | 3h 36m |
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50ft Video Power Cable DVR CCTV Surveillance Security Camera Extension Wire b3r | |
0 Bid | US $9.95 | 7h |
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Dock Extension Extender Sync Data Cable Charger For iPhone 4S 4G 3GS iPod Touch | |
1 Bid | US $.99 | 5h 40m |
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Data Sync Charger Extension Cable for apple iPOD Touch iTOUCH NANO | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 5h 36m |
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15 FOOT, 12 VOLT DC EXTENSION CABLE | |
0 Bid | US $14.99 | 5h 56m |
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16ft 5M USB 2.0 Active Extension REPEATER CABLE Adapter For Laptop PC Computer | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 5h 24m |
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Whites 6.59 Khz. 4' extension Cable P/N 802-7022 | |
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US $22.00 | 6h 32m |
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Garrett 5' Extension Cable | |
1 Bid | US $19.00 | 6h 49m |
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stereo audio earphone headphone 3.5mm 1/8" extender audio jack extension cable | |
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US $4.94 | 9h 6m |
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5FT 3.5mm Male to 3.5mm Female M/F AUDIO Stereo HEADPHONE Extension Cable Cord | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 6h 6m |
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USB over RJ45 cat5e 5e cat6 cable extension extender cable adapter | |
0 Bid | US $7.49 | 7h 13m |
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3.5mm extension audio cable for Dr Dre Monster Beats Solo & Studio iphone ipod | |
0 Bid | US $1.24 | 9h 21m |
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10 320mm Servo Extension Lead Wire Cord Cable FOR RC Car Plane Connection | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 5h |
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10pcs 320mm Servo Extension Lead Wire Cord Cable for RC Car Plane Connection | |
0 Bid | US $.99 | 5h 11m |
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1M Scrub 3.5MM Aux Extension Jack Cable For Headphone Stereo iPod Speaker to PC | |
2 Bids | US $1.25 | 8h 37m |
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1M 3.5MM Aux Extension Jack Cable For Headphone Stereo iPod ex300 Speaker to PC | |
1 Bid | US $.99 | 8h 37m |
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For iPod iPhone 4 4s iPad 2 3 USB Dock Sync Extension Cable Adapter Black EA212 | |
0 Bid | US $.10 | 6h 29m |
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3.5mm Replacement Extension Audio cord Cable iSoniTalk for Monster Beats Studio | |
2 Bids | US $1.04 | 8h 14m |
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RGB Extension Cable Wire for SMD5050 RGB LED Strip light 1M Hot sell | |
3 Bids | US $.31 | 5h 22m |
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10X 500mm RC Servo Extension Cable Cord Lead Wire For Futaba JR | |
0 Bid | US $.01 | 5h 25m |
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Woods 17321 Outdoor Power Strip Timer with 3-Outlets and 6-Foot Cord List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $15.56  |
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The Woods 17321 3-Outlet Power Stake with Timer & 6' Cord automatically controls your landscape lights, holiday lights, and more. When it's cold and dark outside, the last thing you want to do is run out to turn off your lighted yard decorations or turn o |
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Woods 50010 Indoor 24-Hour Digital Outlet Timer List Price: $17.99 Sale Price: $12.34 |
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Woods 50010 Indoor 24-Hour Digital Outlet Timer. Easy-to-read lcd display timer. programmable timer with two settings per day-24-hour cycle. Two on/off settings per day-includes override switch. Works with lamps, fans, and other 2-prong(conductor) appliances. Lamp timer can automate holiday lighting to provide energy savings. Woods is a subsidiary of Coleman Cable, Inc. French and Spanish instructions also included. 125-Volt AC, 60Hertz Resistive rating:10A, 1250-Watt. Tungsten rating:4A, 500-Watt. 4A Ballast. |
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Panasonic Electric Thermal Pot Magnetic Power Cord Indicator Lights Steam Vent Thermal Pots List Price: $153.98 Sale Price: $75.14 |
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Easy-to-read water gauge. Cool touch body and carrying handle for convenient and safe portability. Dispenser lock button gaurds against unintended use. Magnetic power cord releases under pressure automatically. With lif closed, in the event of the unit tipping, hot water is contained. Thermal pots save energy because they use trapped heat to brew. Indicator lights. Steam vent. |
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Educational Insights Eggspert List Price: $49.99 Sale Price: $32.19 |
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Clever, motivating answer system to practice math facts, spelling, history and more. Six colorful eggs light up, flash, beep, buzz and talk. 3 -way game-play slide switch.Features include: •Clever, motivating answer system•Practice math facts, spelling, history and more•Six colorful eggs light up, flash, beep, buzz and talk•3 -way game-play slide switch•Teacher control button |
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Spring Swings Deluxe Fun Ride (Colors May Vary) List Price: $109.99 Sale Price: $84.00 |
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Glide above the ground like a soaring bird in flight with the Fun Ride Deluxe trolley cable. The trolley cable gives children and adults alike a super-fun ride. Designed for children and adults, the kit comes with a steel-stranded aircraft cable and a tough trolley made of super-tough green plastic. Simply attach the cable between two trees or other supports, grab the trolley handles, and you're on your way to hours of outdoor fun. The Fun Ride Deluxe delivers a ride as long as 70 feet and supports up to 225 pounds. Specifications Length of ride: Up to 70 feet Weight limit: 225 pounds Age range: 8 years to adult Trolley material: UV-stable, super-tough green plastic Cable: Steel-stranded aircraft Ridged hand grips: Yes Mounting platform design plan: Yes Tensioning device: Yes Independent testing lab evaluation: Yes Warranty: 1 year limited Thrill-seekers young and old glide through the air with this deluxe trolley ride. An adult is needed to follow the detailed installation instructions. Once the 70-foot steel cable is mounted to two trees or other stable upright supports, the trolley can be grasped for suspended riding from one point to another. The Fun Ride Deluxe is excellent for building motor skills, upper body strength, and physical confidence. Kids who learn by using their muscles will particularly appreciate the physical activity, and the natural endorphin release is an additional perk for all users of the trolley. The Fun Ride Deluxe can hold individuals up to 225 pounds, and as one would suspect, adult supervision is required at all times during use. -- Lauren Bernard, mother and elementary school teacher The fun ride deluxe extends as far as 70 feet and holds up to 225 lbs. Its flying fun for the whole family. The fun ride deluxe is made of super-tough red and green plastic, and includes everything you need to immediately set it up in your backyard. Fun ride deluxe is a great complement to any of the fun Gorilla Playsets. |
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Panasonic GigaRange KX-TG5571M 5.8 GHz DSS Expandable Cordless Phone with Answering System and Talking Caller ID (Metallic Grey) List Price: $224.54 |
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The KX-TG5571M 5.8 GHz cordless phone system from Panasonic offers digital FHSS signal reception for clear, secure calls, plus lots of room to grow. An integrated digital answering system provides up to 21 minutes of recording time, remote operation, and an LCD message counter. The KX-TG5571M also features Call Waiting, Talking Caller ID and Caller IQ Plus compatibility. A light-up antenna alerts you to new calls silently, if you choose, while versatile ringer options let you choose from three sound patterns, four melodies, or even customized ring tones that you can record yourself. Additional features include base and handset speakerphone capabilities, four-way conferencing (requires additional handsets), and an intercom system that allows communication between handsets and between the base unit and individual handsets. Mute, hold, flash, redial (last number dialed from the base, last five numbers from the handset), and dual keypad and display round out the feature set. The system includes a single, metallic grey handset (model KX-TGA552M) that can be expanded to a total of eight (compatible handset models include KX-TGA552M, KX-TGA551M, and KX-TGA550M). Accessory handsets do not require separate phone jacks--just plug the charging cradle into a power outlet, and the handset will automatically configure itself to the base system. What's in the Box KX-TG5571M base and one handset, AC power adapter, battery pack, battery cover, phone line cord, belt clip, user guide and setup information, warranty information 5.8GHz w/ Ans Machine w/ Caller ID - 5.8GHz Expandable digital cordless with answering machine- Expandable up to 8 handsets total- Only one phone jack needed for entire system- Caller ID, call waiting caller ID- Talking caller ID- 50# Phonebook & dialer- 50# Caller ID memory- 4-Way conference capability - Recordable customized ringer - Caller ID linked feature (ringer ID and light-up ID)- Light-up antenna ringer/message alert indicator (3 color options of blue, green, amber, or multicolor) flashes slowly for a message and quickly for an incoming call- Voice enhancer technology - High resolution LCD (1.6") - Icon menu- Dual antennas on base- Phonebook sharing between handsets- Dual keypads - Digital duplex speakerphone on base and handset - Caller IQ compatible - Ringer melody download- Frequency hopping spread specturm (FHSS) technology - Voice paging- Headset jack (2.5mm)- Belt clip included- All-digital answering system - 21 Minutes of record time- Memo recording- 2-Digit message counter on base- SilverACCESSORY HANDSETS: KX-TGA550M, KX-TGA551M, KX-TGA552MPackage Contents:- Cordless phone and base unit- Line cord- AC adapter- Rechargeable battery- Handset cover- Belt clip- Audio cable- Wall mount kit- ManualKXTG5571M |
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Miss Coloriffics Jessie Dress Shoe (Little Kid/Big Kid) List Price: $33.95 |
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The charming Coloriffics Maryjane Sandal, designed for big and little girls, is perfect for your child's next special occasion. They feature a rounded toe and closed back with a buckle-fastened ankle strap, while a small heel adds a dressy touch. The white satin exterior is dyeable--so she can wear the shoe as is, or have it customized to her favorite color. Simply Sweet Dyeable Close Toe Sandal with Sueded Sole. A Dyeable Shoe that is Adorable as Wedding Flower Girl Shoes or A Party Shoe. Comfortable and Delightful. Fits young girls approximately 7 to 13 years of age |
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Susteen Datapilot Cell Phone Data Transfer Suite Universal List Price: $79.99 |
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Cell phone data transfer suite software with universal USB cable for Motorola Sony Eriksson Sanyo LG Nokia And Samsung.System Requirements:Pentimum 100 Mhz or higher CPU 32 MB Minimum RAM 60 MB of free HDD space 800X600 or higher resolution 256 colors or higher USB prot CD-ROM drive.Format: WIN 98ME2000XP Genre: BUSINESS / FINANCE UPC: 739234007799 Manufacturer No: DP300-X01 |
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Wrap-N-Strap Cable Ties 9" List Price: $9.99 Sale Price: $7.37 |
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Wrap N Strap ties are adjustable rubber straps designed to neatly secure and store guitar, microphone, speaker, and computer cables, as well as extension and hardware cords for a variety of applications. They stay attached to your cords, so there's no risk of losing or misplacing them.The ties are cleaner and more effective than hook-and-loop material, so they leave no sticky residue on your cables. They are reusable and adjustable to fit any length of cord, and come in six different colors so you can tell who is using which cable.Here's how Wrap-N-Straps workAttach a strap to the plug end of your electrical cord using the plastic button. Bundle or coil the electrical cord, stretch the rubber strap around the bundle, and secure it again to the plastic button. The Wrap n' Strap stays attached to your cord, so there's no risk of losing or misplacing it and enabling you to use your Wrap-N-Strap Ties over and over again. |
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HON P3231G2S - Metro Series Kneespace Credenza, 60w x 24d x 29-1/2h, Gray Patterned/Charcoal-HONP3231G2S |
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Classic, no-nonsense style for the practical, well-organized office. Durable laminate top helps resist damage. High-sided file drawers with full-extension triple-tied cradles and spring-loaded follower blocks; box drawers extend three-quarters on nylon rollers. Wire grommets offer convenient cable management. 3/4-height modesty panel provides privacy. Flush drawer pulls. Top Color/Finish: Gray Patterned; Width: 60 in; Depth: 24 in; Height: 29 1/2 in. |
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Belkin USB 2.0 4-Port Ultra-Mini Hub List Price: $14.99 Sale Price: $5.99 |
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The Hi-Speed USB 2.0 4-Port Ultra-Mini Hub provides four downstream USB ports for Plug-and-Play connectivity to your USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 devices. A perfect lightweight travel tool, this compact Hub tucks easily into the pocket of your laptop bag, and requires no extra power supply. It offers an ideal way to connect on the road, and virtually anywhere you need fast, handy access to your USB devices. |
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Panasonic RP-HT21 Lightweight Headphones with XBS Port List Price: $5.95 Sale Price: Too low to display |
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Take your music on the run with Panasonic's lightweight, low-cost RP-HT21 over-ear headphones. Their large, 30 mm diaphragms offer full-bodied sound free of the harshness and discomfort that usually accompany earbud-style earphones. The headphones' open-air design minimizes adverse resonances, and Panasonic's XBS acoustic ports naturally emphasize bass frequencies for rich sound from nearly any source. |
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Logitech HD Webcam C310 List Price: $49.99 Sale Price: $29.00 |
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HD Video calling and video capture (1280 X 720 pixels) with remended system Built-in mic with Logitech RightSound technology Hi-Speed USB 2.0 certifiedUniversal clip fits laptops LCD or CRT monitors Up to 5MP photos1-click Facebook and YouTube HD-uploadLogitech Video Effects fun filters Magix photo and video editing Works with Windows XP Vista or 7 5' cable |
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BMW Mini Rover Obd2 Service Inspection Reset Tool 75 Sale Price: $13.55 |
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Item will be shipped from china and will take about 10-20 working days to arrive. Workable models Works on BMW, Mini and Rover 75 models year 2001 onwards with 16 PIN OBD2/EOBD Data Link Connector(DLC). The 16 pin OBD2 connector can be found underneath the dashboard, please confirm the vehicle is OBD2/EOBD compliant before making the purchase. And please note this tool does not work on CAN BUS vehicles. Operation Instructions Plug the 16 Pin connector into the OBD II socket of your car The 3 LED lights will blink and will then remain lit Turn the ignition on, but don't start the engine Press the corresponding button of the function you wish to perform The LED of the choosen operation will light and the other LED`s will be off The LED's will then all light to indicate that the reset is done |
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POCAHONTAS' DESCENDANTS: A Revision, Enlargement and Extension of the List as Set out by Wyndham Robertson in His Book Pocahontas and Her Descendants (1887) List Price: $59.50 Sale Price: $62.77 |
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Thomas Rolfe, the son of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, the legendary Indian princess, was the father of Jane Rolfe and (possibly) Anne Rolfe by different wives. Jane subsequently married a Bolling and Anne, an Elwyn, from which unions issued an enormous progeny, today numbering in the tens of thousands and encompassing numerous lines of the colonial Virginia gentry. Starting with the Bolling lines, which include the "white," "red" and "blue" Bollings, this book carries Pocahontas' descendants down to the present time. In this definitive edition of Pocahontas' Descendants, the two volumes of corrections and additions of 1992 and 1994 have been appended to the base volume of 1985, resulting in a consolidated volume in excess of 700 pages, with indexes containing over 30,000 names! A foundation stone in Virginia genealogy and a major contribution to our knowledge of old Virginia families! |
Capacity Building and E.extension for Enhancing Agriculture Productivity in India
Abstract
The green, white and blue revolutions gave us food security. The high yielding varieties and new technologies were webbed with chemical farming. Even today we have critical gaps existing in productivity of food grains between technology using farms and traditional farming practices. The chemical farming resulted in the soil degradation, water pollution, soil erosions and salinity. By now, we face land degradation problems in 173 million hectares which is around 53% of cultivated land. Annually we loose 5000 Million Tones of top soil with NPK losses of 5-8 Million tones per year.
In Mahrastra a survey showed that the depth of black soil was 60 cms in 1910 which has reduced now. About 18% of it has turned as shallow land. Reduced soil depth has resulted into low productivity, increases soil runoffs and drought like conditions. Therefore to avoid these ill effects we have to link strong information and communication methods for soil mapping, annual rainfall data, rain and climatic forecasts with farming operations (Wani, 2005).
Resource conservation & their proper utilization needs adequate knowledge, which could be obtained through advanced satellite system and relied back through communication mechanism. Thus, for enhancing agricultural production, communication tools have to be used.
It is time for sustainable agriculture. We should make use of mud waste, farm yard manure, waste cakes, municipality wastes and green wastes for increasing phosphorus, nitrogen and micro nutrients in the soil. It has been found that these substitutes have a capacity of giving 1-2% of Phosphorus and Nitrogen and provide about 40-45% micro nutrients. Therefore, a new strategy to use crop stubs, waste tree leaves, waste orchard residues and other agriculture waste material for improving soil has to be advocated.
Although we use pesticides worth 3500 crores. In urban India we use 1000 crores of pestices in domestic homes. In 1948 malaria took lives of 2-8 million people in Malaysia. With use of DDT the toll of death reduced to 17 in 1963. Thus a balance between food security and environment purity is to be maintained in developing countries. This denotes maintenance of a balance between food security and environmental protection or purity. The ways and means in this direction shall be discussed in this paper.
1. Introduction
The green, white and blue revolutions gave us food security. The high yielding varieties and new technologies were webbed with chemical farming. Even today we have critical gaps existing in productivity of food grains by use of technology and those produced at traditional farmer’s field. The chemical farming resulted in the soil degradation, water pollution, soil erosions and soil salinity .By now we face land degradation problems in 173 million hectares which is around 53% of cultivated land. Annually we loose 5000 Million Tones of top soil with NPK losses of 5-8 Million tones per year. In Mahrastra a survey showed that the depth of black soil was 60 cms in 1910 which has reduced now. About 18% of it has turned as shallow land. Reduced soil depth has resulted into low productivity, increases soil runoffs and drought like conditions. Therefore to avoid these ill effects we have to link strong information and communication methods for soil mapping, annual rainfall data, rain and climatic forecasts with farming operations (Wani, 2005). Resource conservation & proper utilization needs adequate knowledge, which could be obtained through advanced satellite system and relied back through communication mechanism. Thus, for enhancing agricultural production communication tools have to be used.
2. Land Holding
We have to use more technology based cropping system to increase productivity per unit land. Horizontal expansion is not possible. Embargo on indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other farm-use-agents is another constraint to increase productivity of food grain. Unfortunately our food grain-production pace has declined. Growth rate of 1-2% has put pressures on our economy. Imports of food grains, an anomaly over past decade, needs problem- cause- analysis.
The whole system of National Agricultural Research, extension and field functionaries have registered a fatigue. Similarly, the land degradation, mineral depletion and environmental pollution demands new mechanism to boost productivity. Perhaps use of electronic media, e-extension and agricultural reforms in the shape of revised KVK system, ATMA, village level rural development, self-help groups and agri-information Kioses needs introduction. State Agriculture Management and Extension Training Institute (SAMETI) may help to make adjustments in our farming system so as to integrate agriculture, aquaculture, water conservation and livestock rearing with new technology driven profit earning enterprises. This needs a continued and farmer friendly policies of sustainable agriculture. In these pages we shall discuss role of communication in agriculture technology application for higher productivity and profits per unit of land. Technology awareness and application is must to produce more per unit of land. We do have a chance as our yields are lower than many counties and even our neighboring countries (Samra & sastry 2002).
3. Organic Farming.
Organic farming is advocated as modern technology. We left our traditional organic farming for adopting chemical farming, which landed us in trouble. This rotation of modernity and traditionality taxed us heavily. We perhaps jumped in adopting or testing technologies without comparing them with our own practices. Now reverting back to our own traditional ways is fraught with problems too. The questions often asked are, can we sustain or even maintain our productivity levels by resorting to the organic farming?. The Blending of modern technology of today and traditional technology of yester years, may answer this question. Can information and communication skills and technology bridge a new union?
4. Information and communication technology
The present day information and communication technology has trespassed all barriers of race, religion, culture and countries. A Comprehensive study of 23 review papers and a dozen book and journals was presented by (Wani 2005). A detailed description of how communication and information can help production and sustain yields has been discussed (Wani 2006) . Strong warning systems for climatic risks, floods and cyclones, pests and mites could help to raise more crops. Farming informatics and awareness packages through print, mass and now E-mails is possible. The role of competitive farming, economic survey and evaluation of farming and women’s integration needs attention. Women, the half of agricultural work force is still unawares of the technological skills. The barriers of customs, veil, religion and social bondages could be overcomed by educating them through TV, cassettes, e-mails or other modern communication appliances.
5. Phyto sanitation
Technology transfer is easy. We can announce technology practices or even demonstrate them. The key issue is its adoption. India with 25% of its GDP from agriculture spends some 12% of GDP on its subsidies rather than on transfer of technology. Blending subsidies with agricultural exports will need a drastic cut under new WTO agreements. The global market access opportunity limit of 3% import shall further complicate the issues. The international standards of sanitation shall need more awareness at farmer’s doors. Our Agricultural exports from 12 agricultural items has been up and now we export around 18.45% agricultural good in the shape of apiculture, floriculture, fresh fruits, mushroom, spices, sugar, molasses, rice, tropical fruit juices, pulp, concentrates and even agro-chemicals. Fruits, nuts and vegetables have increased our export earnings. Our limitations in expanding our exports are infrastructure to provide international biosafe packaging, phyto sanitation & quarantine measures. Our yields too are low to compete with others. Thus, transfer of technology has not to be limited to man methods, publication, leaflets, folders, bulletins, newsletters, journals, magazine, news paper publication, rural farm broadcasts or television interviews but has to be supplemented with video conferencing, massive awareness campaigns through video cassettes, cable net works and other local farm telecasts. The propaganda, publicity and persuasion has to be supplied with communication skills like rural journalism, popular participation, motivation and more so through management of information systems.
The farm visits, farmers calls, letters have to be intensified. Farmers need information on markets, bio standards and marketing research and networking mechanisms.
6. Small Farmer- the small holder
Another vulnerable class in India is small (holder). Over 65% of our farmers are small holders. The technologies generated are mostly for commercial farmers. The small holders have not only limited hold on land but on information too. Their case is further complicated as they do other work additionally as the small holdings is not sufficient to sustain them. They have limited access to knowledge. Even the word Bauern or Landliche Gebiete (German), peasant or country side (English) campagne, brousse/paysan(French) and Campo/Campesino Spanish denote that extension work is a mission. One with love for country side and farmers alone could execute this task properly. He has to be well versed with objectives, problem, targets and implementation process. He has to make situation analysis and avoid group clashes in the country side. Thus, the knowledge and experiences of farmers, psychological values, expectations, needs and attitudes are to be organized. This organization and evaluation is not possible without use of modern and applicable communication methods. Welding communication with Agri -technology is the need of the hour.
7. Communication methods
Passing on information to farmers is basic fundamental of any extension activity. The basic need for learning process is communication.
Factors influencing communication range from person, his personality, his social relation, knowledge, the social and economic parameters of farmers. Their knowledge expectation, experiences and perception needs monitoring and evaluation before technology transfer.
8. Review of communication Vs Agri Production
I. Critical yield gap reduction.
In Kenya, use of advanced information and communication technologies reduced gaps in yields of Agricultural crops between research and farmer’s fields. (Oguya and Bellamy, 2001). A country where 70% population is connected with agriculture for livelihood directly or indirectly and 80% of its export is agricultural oriented. Reduction in yield gaps through effective use of information and communication technology will have a significant impact.
II. Climatic risks and communication
The low productivity in Soyabean was found to be due to partial adoption of Production recommendations by farmers in Mahrastra, India. The low yield factors were analyzed. Economic constraints, situational factors and communication gaps on crop production, protection, seed treatment and fertilizer application were found responsible for it (Jaiswal et al, 2002).
The modernization of the material and technical information base helped Cuba to increase agricultural production and rural development on a pilot basis (Albelo. et al. 2002).
9..Precision Agriculture
Precision Agriculture till date has focused on site-specific data collection for soil and crop management. The technologies for the site-specific field operations and automated data recording are available, but precision agriculture rarely involves them for improvement. The application of precision agriculture has to be clubbed with information and communication networking to harvest the gains and to improve productivity. This network may consist of an open software platform, which can be operated by the farmer himself. For efficient communication internet and mobile telecommunication have been identified as important components. The development of an information and communication network integrating modern software (Java, GIS) and hardware (GPS, internet) technologies in a new user friendly manner is necessary to achieve better acceptance of technologies and improved productivity (Lutticken, et al 2000).
10. Satellite data as source of communication
Use of satellite data- (Star and Spot – lite) helped time – critical dependant applications in Australia. The Australian centre for remote sensing (ACRES) has introduced a new service to provide satellite data for near real time applications. The STAR (Speedy Transmission after reception) service provides access to digital satellite data products in full resolution or compressed format within 12 hrs of a Satellite overpass. The data obtained from ground stations is processed at a facility via a high speed communication link and high priority processing. This system provides Satellite data on critical applications, like crop yield modeling, pre-harvest crop production forecasting, detecting crop diseases, monitoring crop stress, pest infestation, floods, fires and oil-spills.
SPOT – LITE is a low cost, off the shelf satellite data product from ACRES that is ideal for use in Geographical information system (GIS). SPOT-LITE can be accessed at any time via the internet and is available in the form of tiles covering most of Australia (Thankappanm 2001).
Advance studies with high applications for increasing agricultural production needs quick dissemination. The effect of rooting zone restriction (RZR) on vegetative and reproductive growth of fruit trees viz grapes, peach and citrus has been investigated. It is known that it improved crop productivity under low availability of water. (Wang et al. 2002)
11. Communication networking
The available communication facilities for agricultural information in 15 states of India were studied. (Ghosh 2002). The results suggest that while communication networking opens up agricultural economy, it is not cost effective. The communication networking has to become cost effective.
An attempt to have better communication between various forest research divisions and other organization interested in sustainable forestry have shown encouraging results. (Barbour and Wong 2001)
An attempt was made to have quick information flow among and between researchers, extension officers and dairy farmers in East Azerbaijan, Iran. The information input, output and intersystem communication were studied. The communication linkage improved the productivity. (Rezvanfar,2001)
The basic tools of marketing premotion of fertilizers in India was studied. (Yadav, 2002). The information like advertising, public relation and personal selling was found to be best promoters.
In the “Unique Selling” approach of the communicator effects target audience. The impact of integrated approach utilizing computers in agricultural information & dissemination in Greece and Poland was studied. (Tzortzios et al 2001). The gap in technology known and applied at farmers field was found. Researchers lack training in using new information technologies. Thus improvement in Agricultural productivity has to keep pace with advanced communication and information technology using computers.
Joint problem solving sessions and communications networking of information on agriculture has improved sugarcane production in Mauritius (Jhoty et al; 2001).
12. Technological Prospective
The technological gaps between research yields and Farmers yields are wide. The technological know how generated over years is still on shelf. Much of it has remained frozen if not dead within the fore walls of institutions. The location specific, crop and soil specific innovations to farmer’s practices are few. Our integrated & mixed farming practiced by our farmer’s needs improvements which is not forth coming. Our research institutes mostly aped the experimentations on commercial farming of west with few modifications and even additions at times. Our traditional agriculture existing still in remote areas encompass the use of farm yard manure, vormiculture & use of agricultural waste materials. The present problems of low soil fertility, reduction in yields and soil salinity have arisen due to excessive use of chemical inputs in farming with little care of the soil.
This scenario resulted due to incomplete innovative approaches of research. Our researchers blindly advocated more and more use of fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides, which helped to gain grain revolutions, but left legacy of polluted water, air & environment with degraded soils. These revolutions debarred future sustenance. This was due to poor perception & vision to fore see the net results on long time frame.
The immediate need is to make researchers akin with information technology and advanced communication. The rapid evolution of information science demands quick and speedy transfer of technologies, awareness & even subject reviews to farmer’s for speedy application. The productivity would be better if technological advances are adopted and their impact is known. The knowledge of computer hardware, software as well interlinking the information dissemination channels and outlets is essential. A new concept of Farmer school with communication system can resolve 70% problems of farmers on spot. Kissan call centre (1551) and the Zraye Paigam shall widen the messages.
13. Decision Support System
The globalization of agriculture marketing has put forth new challenges. It is not only the yield which matters, but the benefit /cost ratio. The economic viability of an agricultural product has now more importance. The product even if economic and globally competitive has to pass quality tests. The international phyto sanitation standards are going to be tougher. The emergence of diseases like Mad cow disease or even SAARS being linked to animal cultures and other diseases from Agricultural & Livestock products warrants biosafe agricultural produce. The decision have to be supported with information not only on marketing, international safety stands but also on a law regulating agencies and regulations too. Unawareness of these support system could lead us to bankruptcy. Thus a strong case for tools and information management comes into force.
The international computer networking and communication systems alone could help in decision making for appropriate and economic viable agricultural production. (Tzortzios et al 2001)20
14. Intelligent Agri-Management.
Now we do talk of ecologically based pest management instead of integrated pest Management (IPM) . The buzz word for future in this regard is intelligent pest Management (IPM). As the system now advocated is not the blanket sprays of chemical pesticides but intelligent and well computed programmes of pest management, which incorporates their safe and long term application, economic viability and biosafety of products. Perhaps a well documented interaction between farmers, extension education workers, researchers and policy makers is necessary. This would take years if communication methodology of video conferencing, internet and related satellite technological advancement in communication is not used. This is what would be future intelligent Agricultural Management.
15. Participatory management
The whole system of Agricultural research, teaching and extension in NARS needs renewal. A composite ARS system has to be introduced with strong basic of communication and IT. All programmes in the field should be participatory. All agencies be it ICAR, CSIR, RRL, Universities, SAU or other institutions and industry have to be webbed to getter with extension delivery systems in the field. More participation of farmers in planning and execution of project like mega seed or mission horticulture is needed.
A true transparent and open system of selection both for Management positions and scientific positions should be advocated. Changing standards for individuals is a crime. Those at top have to exercise truth, justice and fairplay. The role of politics and politicians should be minimal in national extension delivery system. An outreach through communication and IT is the only achievable solution.
16. Our vision
1. Mixed Farm University Culture:
Higher productivity gains can be achieved through application of technology and production recommendations at farmer’s fields. We have 65% small and marginal farmers whose awareness potential is low. The production system prevailing with these farmers is a mixed farming or composite farming. In contrast to USA and European agriculture our necessity is to increase “Crop –livestock-fish-plant integrated production system with multiple livelihood opportunities”. Therefore, we need our own innovative educational and training policies. A mixed agriculture University and Education set ups is our necessity. We are at present going astray to our need. Quick and fast measures are needed to unify our educational system, involving all agriculture and allied disciplines, industries, corporate sectors and farmers institution.
2. Higher productivity Concerns:
Indian Agricultural pride years of green revolution post 1968 saw reduction in food gain imports and subsequently white, blue and other revolutions sustained our population pressures and agriculture growth. Our agricultural growth rate (AGR) need to be equal if not more to population growth rate (PGR). Our AGR target ought to be double the PGR.
This is important as consumption rates, purchasing power and employment prospects increase. An estimated food grain of 210 million tons at present may need to be doubled in next 10 years. We have to achieve high targets of productivity by vertical expansion as horizontal land expansion is just not possible. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has quoted figures as of 160 million tones of rice from 40m hac of land, thereby setting the productivity target of 4 t/h. Like wise production of 100 million tones of wheat from 25 million tones of wheat from 25 million hectors needs a productivity of 4t/hac. Our aim to double our per hac productivity needs more technical manpower in extension, industry and at gross root level.
The climatic disasters, earthquakes, Titanic tsunami, floods; have effected our agricultural production in the past and additional requirements needs to be kept in mind while planning food security. We need to increase per capita consumption expenditures of Rs.600 per month. We need to bridge the gaps between potential and actual yields at farmers level. The chemical farming hazards of poor soil fertility, low water availability, pollution and environmental concerns impede our agricultural development. Thus refined technology, participatory research and educational modules are needed. The new pressures of Global marketing. World trade and tariff regulations have to be accommodated. This all will need incorporation of new themes like post-harvest management, value addition, packaging, communication, credit and market information services in our course curricula. Thus a new multidimensional change in academic curriculum is envisaged.
3. Quality Assurance
We feel pride in calling ourselves as the 2nd largest Agricultural Research system (ARS) in World. When we review our performance we are no where in top ten of most cited agriculture publications in the World. USA tops the world list with 3,62,79,842 cited publication/annum, with small country like Switzerland at No.10. The scientific out put in agriculture is highest in USA with 27 lac publication/year followed by Japan, Germany, U.K, France, Canada, Italy, Russia, China and Australia. Our contribution to Agriculture publication is 5.48% only with our share of citation at 2.32%. This demands more focus on Quality Assurance. Our prime agenda should be quality Agricultural Education. Our emphasis has to be on:
Academic quality, Accreditation; Desired knowledge, Assessment, Skill and competence building and academic audit. Quality assurance, means strengthening resources, information and maintenance of educational infrastructure. Thus we need to regulate grants and centre-state relations rationally.
4. Employment opportunities:
We have 45-50 state/deemed or central agricultural Universities and 200 general universalities with 48 agricultural faculties. The total disciplines needing grants may be strengthened in 5 yrs by 1 core grants to each discipline for quality assurance. We produce 10,000 under graduate 5500 post graduates and 1600 Ph.D in agriculture every years . They add to our unemployed pool. For making them self employees in new ventures and for increased employment , they need competence building in Global economics and trade policies. Biotechnology, Bioinformation, Biofertilizers, pesticides and fungicides. New faculty development in all the Universities and colleges is to be executed in coming 5 years. Such as :
Pest information and survey; Risk Management Analysis; Decision support system; Geographic information system. A new trust is to be given to course curriculum integrating field practices in a partnership mode with farmer. A teacher-student-farmer-industry, interaction and co-operation is to be developed. A new model of mechanics in Agricultural and allied curricula is to be integrated, unified and fine tuned to end results. This will demand inter and intra faculty harmony and synchronized course curricula at UG, PG and Ph.D level. This has to be fine tuned to our field requirements and location orientations
5. Asia Specific Agricultural Education:
Indian Economy is a agri-centre economy which supports 70% of our population, as direct rural employment . Forty five percent of the income generated by industries comes from Agri-based (Agro) Industries. Therefore , a vast potential and resource is hidden in it. If we think of Asia specific Agriculture, we have to play a significant role in the region which has 60% of the world population. The region is rich of energy and oil resources and millennium buzz word is open boarders and common market with first priority on peace, confidence and trust. For up-liftmen of region we need training education and human resource utilization. Therefore, Agriculture educational reforms are on our door steps to harvest the gains of common economy in the SARC and total Asian region. These educational reforms should involve schools, colleges and Universities. The re-modeling of curriculum will need incorporation of new emerging era, like competitive global marketing, the climatic, disaster, technology use, restrictions, sustainability, environment, water resource conservation, remediation factors etc.
Agri-educational reforms are needed so that ICAR parallels USDA, in governing grant-in aid to whole agriculture sector. An omnibuss act of agriculture in the shape of USA farm bill of 1996 is envisioned. New educational policies so drafted shall be non-discriminative, comprehensive , transparent and accountable.
6. Access to Education and Training:
Access to education and training to people below the poverty line, rural youth and women is to be ensured. This will need a total restructured education infrastructure. A three tyre model is envisioned which consists of:
1. On the job, training opportunities on farm mechanization and agriculture.
2. Training skills, up-gradation and rural orientation at University level, refinement and more innovative participatory mode at farmers field. Roaming teaching taught system on holidays and Sundays.
3. Teacher-student-farmer-industry-interaction-work plans-self learning by living with farmers. It will ensure quality training and job improvement of skilled manpower for use in Asian Agri development Market.
7. Informal-flexible Agriculture Information Services:
A flexible curriculum models which should have many options at B.Sc level like:
1. Natural science
2. Agri Science
- Production system
- Agri-business
- Social science
3. International Agriculture
4. Natural Resources
5. Agri-business management
6. Biological engineering
7. Dietetrics
8. Landscape Architecture
8. Export Orientation in Agri-education:
In the present era of bio-safety, phyto and zoo sanitation have assumed tremendous importance. Education and knowledge was safe and secure treasure in the past. It is no more true. The export needs knowledge and new inventions need patenting. Web and web designing have made invisible teachers to unknown students. The students-teacher relationship has raised to spiritual horizons. New targets for future educational planning and policies need to have more information and communication technology. Therefore courses on I&C with computer applications is must. These have been strengthened in the SAU and ICAR institutions in the last few years. However a total connectivity is needed with farmers, farm organizations and utilization departments to harvest the gains of technological reforms to increase our exports. Inspite of ranking I in milk production our exports are meager. This is because of poor –zoo-sanitation and Global lobiest are critical of our disease free status. Therefore, ICAR has to formulate policies and programmes in Agri-export orientation.
About the Author
Professor Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani did his Ph.D from IVRI, Izatnagar in 1985 in Animal Reproduction / Gynaecology and got Dr. Med. Vet.**Additional Doc. Degree from Veterinary Institute, Deemed Univ. Hannover Germany in 1984 in the field of Animal Reproduction/ Production. He also earned DAAD Fellowship(Post Doc.) from German Academic Exchange, Hannover, Germany in Animal Breeding institute, Buetweg, Hannover,Germany and is currently Director Extension Education and Director SAMETI in the S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar – Srinagar.
The author can be contacted at: P.O.Box: 461, GPO, Srinagar by post or mailed at wanimohyuddin@yahoo.com
Can I use a USB extension cable to charge a Playstation 3 controller?
As the cable that came with it isn't long enough.
Sure.
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