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Counter Logic
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Ever wonder what goes into the making of your new gadget? Electronic circuits are composed of individual transistors formed with resistors and diodes on a piece of silicon. The individual components are commonly connected using aluminum "wires" on the chip's surface. This process results in the formation of IC, or integrated circuits. These ICs contain millions or just several transistors. ICs are responsible for the creation of video games, computers, digital watches, and most of today's high tech gadgets.
ICs are usually grouped in two: analog/linear and digital/logic. But most sophisticated ICs combine digital and analog functions in forming a chip. As examples, digital chips sometimes include an analog/linear voltage regulator, while some analog chips include built-in digital counter. Combining integrated circuits is usually done to improve performance or add new features to a product such as giving counters time delays which are usually possible only with timers. These chips come in numerous different packages. In the present, the most popular and usual kinds are varieties of the DIP (Dual In-line Package). Ceramics or plastics are the usual components of standard DIPs with pins ranging from four to 100. Metals are also used for making DIPs but most manufacturers opt to replace these with more cost-effective plastic DIPs.
Despite the popularity of combination ICs and DIPs, there are still demands for separate integrated circuits. Analog ICs' output and input voltage levels vary greatly in a broad spectrum. But despite these variations, output voltages are still directly proportional to input voltages which form a line graph. This is why analog ICs are termed linear. There are different types of analog ICs but the most popular and common types include voltage regulators and operational amplifiers. Voltage regulators alter voltages applied to inputs into variable voltages. Standard voltage regulators have excess transistors for the chips to manage driving loads that need added power than a standard op-amp is capable of. Most of these voltage regulators have metal tabs or include metal packaging to aid in radiating excessive heat out of the chips. Special linear ICs that include op-amps, like phase-locked loops and audio amplifiers, are made for TV, radio, computers, and telephone communications. Operational amplifiers are often considered as the most useful and versatile. Although their designs are basically intended for doing mathematical operations, they also amplify differences in voltages and signals of the inputs.
Digital integrated circuits are composed of "gates" regardless of the complexity of designs. These gates function like switches that turn on and off. A digital IC contains several gates and an IC with two input gates is usually referred as a logic gate. Increase in inputs and gates increase the ability of an IC to perform logical operations. As a result, digital ICs are often used in information transfers and exchanges. ICs are just small components of average devices like computers. But these devices rely on the efficiency of these ICs to function.
For more valuable information on Integrated Circuits, please visit http://www.bocamicro.com
Remedies To Counter Strengthening Rupee And Rising Domestic Inflation
In the last article, we briefly discussed the adverse effects of domestic inflation and value of rupee appreciating against the dollar. As a logical extension to the article, it would be appropriate to address the methods to counter this downward pressure on profit margins. The problem at hand can be addressed from two perspectives, short term and long term. The long term solution to either inflation or currency appreciation will depend on various macroeconomic factors, such as performance of the economy in general, government interventions in policy making or changing, central bank intervention through foreign exchange trading, etc. A quick look at these factors tells us that some of them are well beyond the control of an individual company. In most likelihood, the problems will persist over the entire length of global economic cycle and their effects may persist even longer due to high interdependence in a closely connected or globalised economy. Although an understanding of all these factors is essential to spot long term trends, influencing them may be need collaborative efforts on the industry level in different dimensions. We can of course take short term measures internally in the company by strategically aligning most of them towards cost reduction. From a financial perspective, the quickest measure a small and medium business can take is currency hedging. Foreign exchange can be covered from RBI at least three to four months in advance. Indeed, companies should routinely do this. For those orders, whose hedging has not been done, it may not be too late to take such an initiative. Since prediction of currency spot rate is difficult, it is always a gamble. Speculators may have drastically different idea on how future value will shape. This may also tempt companies to eschew short term hedging but from perspective of stability and cash flow planning, foreign exchange coverage is always a good option. From an operational perspective, cutting manufacturing costs is an option although efforts can be made in the short term, but its effects will show up only in the medium to long term. Although the presence of lean manufacturing procedures such as Six Sigma etc are rarely seen to be adopted in the Indian textile manufacturing industry, exploring simpler techniques such as Just In Time (JIT) or Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) may be useful. For the orders at hand, say for fabrics and made ups, using internal manufacturing capacity may not be the cheapest option always. At times, sourcing the raw material from low cost manufacturing destination such as China can be explored. Other manufacturing countries which may offer competition to China for specific products may be Bangladesh, Philippines, Indonesia and Viet Nam. Last but not least, another possibility is sourcing the raw material available in stock. This is a sure and immediate way to reduce costs. Admittedly, this may not be an option in each and every case, thinking in this direction not only for basic raw material but even for accessories and packaging supplies will surely present concrete cost cutting options.
About the Author
Samarth Sangal is a co-founder and founding partner in Textilestock.in. He has multiple years of experience in Textile industry while being a part of a Delhi based export house, Indu Arts. Samarth was responsible for leading the business development initiatives in the company. Because of his rich experience he has in depth knowledge of this industry and has interacted with buyers from different parts of the world extensively to understand their requirements.
Can someone give me a correct schematic diagram for the presettable counters in our logic project?.please...?
please....can someone give me that...please..it so important..it is our final project...please..thanks..asap
In general, you use an incrementer with an output register that is fed back to the input. The register has a mux in front of it for the load value. This is a synchronous counter, the only kind you'd use these days in any real design.
The Verilog code for and 8-bit loadable up/down counter is below.
module behav_counter( d, clk, clear, load, up_down, qd);
input [7:0] d;
input clk;
input clear;
input load;
input up_down;
output [7:0] qd;
reg [7:0] cnt;
assign qd = cnt;
always @ (posedge clk)
begin
if (!clear)
cnt = 8'h00;
else if (load)
cnt = d;
else if (up_down)
cnt = cnt + 1;
else
cnt = cnt - 1;
end
endmodule
Efforts to engage Cuba founder over death of dissident
The death of a Cuban political prisoner and the prolonged jailing of a U.S. citizen in Havana appear to have cast a dark cloud over U.S. and Spanish government efforts to engage Raul Castro's government.
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